Unit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry The Chemicals of Life

A. Atoms 1. Made of 3 Particles: a. __________ - located in the ________ a. __________ - located in the ________ __________ charge; determine the element __________ charge; determine the element b. __________ – located in the ________ b. __________ – located in the ________ ____ charge = neutral ____ charge = neutral c. ___________ - ______ outside nucleus c. ___________ - ______ outside nucleus ________ charge ________ charge cause ______________ cause ______________ Atoms are the smallest unit of matter

B. Elements 1. H = _________ – ___ bond 2. O = _________ – ___ bonds 3. N = _________ – ___ bonds 4. C = _________ – ___ bonds 5. Other essential elements: __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K) A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces

C. Molecules (Compounds) 1. _______ – caused by elements sharing electrons sharing electrons _____________ in the molecule _____________ in the molecule 2. __________ = chains of repeating small units small units 3. ________ - shows the composition of a compound of a compound Molecular formula - indicates the actual numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule ___________________ - how the atoms are arranged or held together __________ combinations of elements

D. Inorganic Compounds 1. Don’t contain ________ ______________ together. 2. Examples: _______ (_____) _______ (_____) __________ (_____) __________ (_____) ________ (______) ________ (______) __________ (_____) __________ (_____) not the same as what you know from your foods

E. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain ______________________ in the same molecule

1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: a. Examples: i. __________ = ______________________ i. __________ = ______________________ _______, _______ carbohydrates _______, _______ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose

ii. __________ = _______________ ___________________________ ___________________________ _____________ carbohydrates _____________ carbohydrates ____________, ___________, chitin ____________, ___________, chitin iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in _________ carbohydrates end in _________

b. Elements: Carbohydrates Always contain ________ Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen CarboHYDRates always have _____________________ All carbohydrates have this special ratio Examples: _________

c. Subunits: _________________________ i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by ___________________ ii. ____saccharide  ___saccharide  _____saccharide iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit

iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate

d. Function: - Primary _________________ for cellular respiration - Primary _________________ for cellular respiration - 4 kcal/gram - 4 kcal/gram - Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most - Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most diets diets

2. Lipids All lipids are ________________ organic molecules All lipids are ________________ organic molecules a. Examples: a. Examples: i. _________ i. _________ ii. _________ ii. _________ iii. _________ iii. _________

b. Elements i. always contain _____________ ii. Usually ________ number of atoms iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygen C 12 H 24 O 2 C 54 H 102 O 6

c. Subunits: ________________________ i. Glycerol ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis

d. Function i. _____________ of energy ii. _________ and __________ iii. Make up ______________

3. Proteins a. Examples: Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, _______________ Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Actin, Myocin, keratin

b. Elements: i. Always Contain _______________ i. Always Contain _______________ ii. N = _____________ ii. N = _____________ iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus

c. Subunits: ___________________ i. All proteins are made from ____________________. ii. Amino Acids small organic molecules with an ____________ and an small organic molecules with an ____________ and an ________ (carboxyl) group ________ (carboxyl) group R – is a variable group of atoms that changes with each specific amino acid

iii. ___________ = chains of amino acids iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. Peptide Bond

d. Function i. ____________________________ cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ____________________ _________________ molecules that make reactions happen iii. _________________ ______________ iv. _________________ protect the body from infection __________ is DETERMINED by the _______ of the Protein __________ is DETERMINED by the ________ of _________________

4. Enzymes a. ______________________________ a. ______________________________ b. Generally their names end in –ase b. Generally their names end in –ase Amylase, protease, lipase Amylase, protease, lipase c. _________________________ c. _________________________ - ___________________ without being changed - ___________________ without being changed themselves. themselves. - Involved in _______________________ in your body - Involved in _______________________ in your body

d. Enzymes Structure i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by the _____________________. the _____________________. ii. _____________________ Area on the enzyme that conducts the reaction Area on the enzyme that conducts the reaction Active Site has a _________________________________ Active Site has a _________________________________

iii. _____________ ________________________________ ________________________________ iv. Enzyme Substrate Complex temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and substrate bind together substrate bind together v. ___________________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work what is left over after the enzyme does its work _______ ____________________________ ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE PRODUCT __________ _______

e. Enzyme Specificity i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE ii. Lock and Key Model Enzyme and substrate ____________________ Just like one lock has one key that fits it

COENZYME iii. Induced Fit Model More realistic model of enzyme activity More realistic model of enzyme activity Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to fit substrate fit substrate Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate molecules molecules Coenzymes are enzyme helpers

f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity i. ___________________ i. ___________________ - Enzymes have an ___________ temperature at which they work (__________________) - Enzymes have an ___________ temperature at which they work (__________________) - As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases - As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases  for the most part  for the most part - If temp is too high, protein becomes _______________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED! - If temp is too high, protein becomes _______________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!

ii. _______ = Power of Hydrogen - scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______ - scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______ - 1 – – 14 _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid ___ = ___________ ___ = ___________ _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base

- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be ______________ – too high or too low.

iii. ____________________ - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point. - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “_____________”

5. Nucleic Acids i. Examples i. Examples ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid ● __________ – ribonucleic acid ● __________ – ribonucleic acid ● Hereditary material, controls ______________ ● Hereditary material, controls ______________ ii. Elements ii. Elements _______________ _______________

iii. Subunit: ________________ ________________ 3 parts: 3 parts: a. _____________ a. _____________ b. ________ (_______ or ___________________) b. ________ (_______ or ___________________) c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen) c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen) DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______

iv. Function - Carry ____________ _______________ - Carry ____________ _______________ - _____________ for _________________ - _____________ for _________________ - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ of _____________ - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ of _____________ - The order of amino acids determines the protein - The order of amino acids determines the protein

F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off another larger molecule with water being driven off Synthesis = Make bigger, build up Dehydration = remove H 2 O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together together

2. Hydrolysis chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler molecules by adding water molecules by adding water opposite of dehydration synthesis opposite of dehydration synthesis