Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 1 The Human Organism Cells of the Peritoneum

Anatomy and Physiology – Say What?! Anatomy : study of structures of body –Systemic - study of body by organ systems –Regional - study of body by areas –Surface - uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Physiology : study of processes and functions of body

Structural & Functional Organization Six Levels of Organization 1.Chemical Level 2.Cell Level 3.Tissue Level 4.Organ Level 5.Organ System Level 6.Organism Level

Structural and Functional Organization 1.Chemical Level Atoms (p,n,e) combine to form molecules 2.Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3.Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization 1.Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2.Cell Level Molecules form organelles (nucleus,mitochondria, etc), which make up cells 3.Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization 1.Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2.Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3.Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization 4.Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs (urinary bladder) 5.Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6.Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Structural and Functional Organization 4.Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5.Organ System Level Organs (urinary bladder & kidneys) make up organ system 6.Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Structural and Functional Organization 4.Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5.Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6.Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Fig. 1.3a Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs

Fig. 1.3b Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs

Characteristics of Life 1.Organization: all parts of organism interact to perform specific functions 2.Metabolism: chemical & physical changes taking place in organism 3.Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain internal environment 4.Growth: increase in size of all/part of organism 5.Development: changes organism undergoes through time 6.Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment –set point: ideal normal value (body temp) normal range: fluctuation around set point

Homeostasis maintained by neg & pos feedback mechanisms –Negative feedback turns off the original stimulus –Positive feedback enhances and up- regulates the initial stimulus (often harmful to the body)

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Terminology and Body Plane Body Positions –Anatomical position human standing erect face directed forward arms hanging to sides palms facing forward (supine) –If laying down.. Supine – palms face up Prone – palms face down

Terminology and Body Plane Directional terms –Always refer to anatomical position Right Left Superior Inferior Cephalic Caudal Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Superficial Deep

Fig Body Parts & Regions

Fig Body Parts & Regions

Body Planes Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior Frontal (coronal) plane: divides body into anterior and posterior Fig. 1.13

Organ Planes Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to long axis Oblique section: across long axis at an angle other than a right angle Fig. 1.14

Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: bounded by ribs and diaphragm Abdominal cavity: bounded by diaphragm and abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by pelvic bones Fig. 1.15

Serous Membranes Parietal membrane: lines wall of cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by serous membrane and protects organs against friction

Serous Membranes Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart Pleural cavities: surround the lungs

Serous Membranes Peritoneal cavity: surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs –Mesenteries hold abdominal organs in place & provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves to organs –Retroperitoneal organs located “behind” parietal peritoneum Kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, bladder, part of intestine