Medical History Medical Pioneers And Advancements (Part 2 and 3)

Early Medical Pioneers ▫Vesalius  Human dissection  Book on the human body with over 300 illustrations

Early Medical Pioneers ▫William Harvey  Arteries – blood flows away from heart  Veins – blood flows to the heart  Same blood pumped repeatedly  Blood purified in lungs  2 ounces of blood passed with each heartbeat  Died before he knew how the blood got from the arteries to the veins (capillaries)

Early Medical Pioneers ▫Malpighi (Italian) and van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) and Hooke (English) Microscope invented

Early Medical Pioneers ▫Pare (French)  Wound dressing  Tying off of bleeding vessels versus cauterizing them  Invented forceps

Early Medical Pioneers ▫17 th century  guilds (association of people engaged in a common trade or calling for mutual advantage and protection)  physicans  had university degree  studied, taught, debated theories  treated upper classes  surgeons  Considered inferior to physicians  two groups (Surgeons of the Long Robe or barber-surgeons)  trained in apprenticeships  apothecaries  treatment of the masses (general practitioners) ▫drugs they made, prescribed and sold  trained in apprenticeships

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Medicine has evolved in the last 250 years  Invention of microscope  Discovery of microbes  Advancement in physics and chemistry

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫John Hunter  Founder of Scientific Surgery  Artificial feeding

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Edward Jenner   Englishman  First Vaccination (Cowpox)

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Gabriel Fahrenheit   German physicist  First mercury thermometer

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Rene Laennec   Frenchman  Invented stethoscope  First was a piece of paper, then a wooden tube

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Dr. WTG Morton  1819 – 1868  First anesthetic (Greek meaning “not feeling”)– Ether

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Dr. James Simpson   anesthetic – Chloroform

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Louis Pasteur   French  Chemist  Pasteurization  Heating and sealing of wine bottles to destroy microorganisms  Vaccine for rabies

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Joseph Lister   London, England  Medical asepsis  Destruction of or cleaning off of organisms  Used carbolic acid to clean and disinfect

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Wilhelm von Roentgen   German professor of physics  Discovered x-rays  Named Roentgen rays

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Dr. Elias Metchnikoff   Russian Jew  Nobel prize in medicine for studying how white blood cells protect the body from disease

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Frederick Banting   Canadian  Isolated insulin

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Gerhard Domagk   German Bacteriologist  Discovered a red dye that killed many germs  Developed Sulfa drugs

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Sir Alexander Fleming   Discovered that mold prevented the growth of bacteria  Beginning of the development of penicillin (antibiotic)

Modern Medical Pioneers ▫Dr. Christian Barnard  December 3, 1967  First successful heart transplant (South Africa)

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Benjamin Franklin  The Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia ▫Not first hospital, but oldest surviving institution for the care of the sick in the US

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Ephraim McDowell   removed a large ovarian tumor  was called a murderer (but patient lived for many more years)  many of his surgical techniques are still used today

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Walter Reed   Experimented with human subjects, giving them Yellow Fever  His work made the panama canal possible – without it, the construction would have never restarted.  It was halted because it was believed that Yellow Fever was contagious (they didn’t know it was spread by mosquitoes)

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Theobald Smith  1859 – 1934  professor of bacteriology  laid the foundation for the prevention of diseases (vaccines)  typhoid, diphtheria, meningitis

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Alexis Carrel  Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912  Work in joining blood vessels.

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Dr. Jonas Salk  Polio vaccine in 1954  Many got sick and died ▫Dr. A.B. Sabin  Attenuated oral vaccine (dead viruses) for polio

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫1954 first successful kidney transplant  organ compatibility

Early Leaders in American Medicine 1962 first severed limb reattached

Early Leaders in American Medicine 1938 began the development of a dialysis machine

Early Leaders in American Medicine 1966 a portable (dialysis) machine developed.

Early Leaders in American Medicine 1950’s radioisotopes used to see organs Compression Fracture in SpineGallbladder

Early Leaders in American Medicine ▫Mid 20 th Century  Brain surgery  Transplanted organs  Artificial parts  Cataracts removed and plastic lenses inserted  Plastic surgery  Heart surgery normal

Replacement Parts ▫Arteries replaced with artificial tubing ▫Pacemakers (1970, 10 year battery life)

Replacement Parts ▫Artificial organs have not been perfected, although there has been much progress made with artificial hearts ▫Artificial valves

Replacement Parts ▫Stem cells  Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell/tissue etc  Cells could be used to “grow” new organs for someone and be a perfect match.

 Cloning  Highly controversial  Ethical, moral and legal implications  Embryonic  Comes from embryos (to this date, NO useable therapies have been developed using embryonic stem cells)  Adult Stem cells  In body of adults, but have limited uses (so far, all therapies have originated from adult stem cells)

Replacement Parts ▫Human Genome  Identification of the genes in the DNA of cells  Manipulation of genes  Ethical, moral and legal implications