MENG 344 Work Analysis and Design Lotfi K. Gaafar Key Contributors

Frederick Taylor Under Taylor's management system, factories are managed through scientific methods rather than by use of the empirical "rule of thumb" so widely prevalent in the days of the late nineteenth century when F. W. Taylor devised his system and published "Scientific Management" in 1911.

Frederick Taylor Taylor's core values: the rule of reason, improved quality, lower costs, higher wages, higher output, labor-management cooperation, experimentation, clear tasks and goals, feedback, training, mutual help and support, stress reduction, and the careful selection and development of people. He was the first to present a systematic study of interactions among job requirements, tools, methods, and human skill, to fit people to jobs both psychologically and physically, and to let data and facts do the talking rather than prejudice, opinions, or egomania.

Frederick Taylor §Father of scientific management §Principles l Develop a science for each element of work l Select the best worker for each task l Train the worker in the prescribed method l Develop a spirit of cooperation between management and labor l Divide the work between management and labor into equal shares, each doing what they do best

Taylor’s Contributions §Specified the work method §Instructed the operator in that method §Maintained standard conditions for performing work §Set time standard goals §Paid premiums for doing work as specified

Taylor’s Shoveling Experiment

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth §brought an engineer’s and psychologist’s skills to study the economy of movements §led to motion study §work simplification through elimination of useless motions and waste §use of flow diagrams, process charts, §basic components of the motion pattern, or therbligs

Frank Gilbreth §Born in 1871 in Fairfeild, Maine. §Ambition to be a Construction Engineer. §First job as a bricklayer. §Introduced improvements in brick laying. §Promoted to Foreman then superintendent. §Became involved in the contracting business.

Frank Gilbreth §Started contracting business in §1911, started a firm of Consulting Industrial Engineers. §Gained international fame as a consultant. §Had 12 children with Lillian Gilbreth.

Frank Gilbreth §Developed “time and motion” study as an approach to scientific management. §Motion study: finding the best method to perform a task. §Time study: establish work standards for a job. §Used Cine camera in analysis. §Constructed 3 dimensional models of motion

Frank Gilbreth §Devised several systems of analyzing work. §Flow Process Chart breaking work into basic elements of operations, inspections, transportations, storages and delays.

Frank Gilbreth §Developed “therbligs” e.g Grasp-begins when hand or body member touches an object, consists of gaining control of an object, ends when control is gained. §Therbligs held the stage for many years in work analysis.

Frank Gilbreth §The Principle of Motion Economy §Lead to minimum effort and fatigue and maximum achievement. §Identified Two factors affecting job execution: 1) Worker 2) Enviroment

Frank Gilbreth Contribution: §Workers were trained and placed in suitable areas of work. §Performance of the workers were monitored. §Workers were restated if the were of low performance. §Believed in the value of questions and the need to ask questions.

Frank Gilbreth §Scientific management was a philosophy of life achieved by cooperation of engineers, educators, physiologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, economists, sociologists, staticians and managers. §Died in 1924.

Biography Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Early Days and Education §Date of Birth:24 th of May 1878 §Place of Birth:Oakland, California §First Degree:BS degree in Literature (1900), University of California (Berkeley) §MS Degree:Literature (1902) §Doctorate:Literature (got married)

Family Life and Career §Ph.D.:Psychology (4 children) §Second degree:Engineering (husband's encouragement) §Partnership with her husband Frank §Difference in their natures and its effect on business: l Frank:technical aspects of time management l Lillian:human aspects of working efficiency

Partnership with Lillian’s Husband Partnership lasted 20 yearsPartnership lasted 20 years Shared work and ideasShared work and ideas A sum up of their idea found in 2 booksA sum up of their idea found in 2 books “Applied Motion Study ”“Applied Motion Study ” “Fatigue Study”“Fatigue Study” Frank Bunker Gilbreth

Radical Changes in Lillian’s Life Husband’s early death (1924)Husband’s early death (1924) Struggle with business career in convincing Struggle with business career in convincing the companies of her ideas of efficiency New techniques to perform household tasksNew techniques to perform household tasks (efficient kitchens)

Lillian’s Work §Applying efficiency techniques for handicapped to facilitate their lives §Directing doctors in treating patients §Wrote on homemaking and parenting l “Living with Children” l “Homemaker and her Job” l “Foreman and Power Management in the Home”

Lillian’s Late Achievements §Education at the age of 50 l MS in Engineering l Doctorate in Engineering §Served in the New Jersey State Board of Regents §Delegate to the World Power Congress §Professor at Purdue §Advisor for American Presidents §Retired at the age of 90 §Passing away at the age of 92 Lillian Gilbreth

Henry Ford 1896 Ford

Childhood : §Born in July 30, 1863 §He lived in a prosperous family §Lived his childhood in a farm §At the age of 16 he left home to work

Building a career: §First job as an apprentice machinist (1879). §Returned to Greenfield Township and marries Clara Bryant (1888). §Worked in different factories in Detroit. §Worked as an engineer for Edison Illuminating Company(1891).

§He completed his first automobile the Quadricycle. §Worked as chief engineer and partner in Detroit Automobile(1899). §Establishment of Ford Motor Company(1903). Building a career:

§Introducing the Model T(1908). §Mass production §The moving assembly line(1913). §Giving eight hour work. §Edsel Ford was named the president of the company(1919). §Henry Ford Passed away(1947).