Trends and Drivers in Aerospace Dr. Shreekant Agrawal ASEI 30 th Annual Convention Dearborn, Michigan September 19, 2015 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Trends and Drivers Lighter, more fuel-efficient More stringent certification levels for noise and emissions Cost pressure Unmanned air vehicles Increasing system software Vehicle-to-vehicle communication Data handling Greening Safety, reliability, and security Increasing competition Co-opetition Aerospace engineering education 2 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

UAV Articles from Popular Science FAA Warns Of Increased Drone Sightings Google Is Testing Drones Under NASA's Supervision Weed Delivery Service Will Fly Drugs To Customers Via DroneWeed Delivery Service Will Fly Drugs To Customers Via Drone Police In Georgia May Be Getting Flying Saucer Drones To Hunt CriminalsPolice In Georgia May Be Getting Flying Saucer Drones To Hunt Criminals Military Drone Looks For Missing School Teacher Researchers Successfully Transport Blood By Drone Watch A Drone Gently Deliver A Package Uber Delivers Ice Cream By Drone In Shenzhen Switzerland Has Started Testing Mail Delivery Drones NASA Is Testing A Drone For Mars 3 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

System Software Software writer must know every aspect of the hardware Software must be bug-free Increased communication with ground controls For UAV, software does what a pilot does for MAV 4 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Each vehicle must know the exact coordinates of other vehicles to avoid collision (sense and avoid) Swarming drones for surveillance, targeting, and dropping payloads 5 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Data Handling Sifting a vast amount of data to make it useful Integrating the vast amount of data from each vehicle with that from other vehicles Streamlining and delivering to allow for effective decision- making US DOD initiative of “big data” handling 6 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Greening Volatility in oil prices Greater fuel efficiency Alternative fuel options Reducing carbon emissions (CO2, NO, NO2) –Fuel consumed by the U.S. commercial air carriers and the military releases more than 250 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere each year Reducing noise NASA ERA, FAA CLEEN, DOD ADVENT / HEETE, etc., programs to reduce fuel burn, carbon emissions, and noise NASA ERA – simultaneous reduction of noise, emission, and fuel burn as the focus 7 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Aerospace Engineering Education Growing interest in aerospace among students Third-most popular field for engineering students 38,000 new aerospace engineering jobs in 2014; 4,000 jobs filled by students A large percentage in programming Aerospace education expanded from hardware-based science, engineering, and technology to systems and systems of systems-based engineering 8 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Technologies Composite for light-weight and stronger materials Improved methods for aerodynamic drag reduction Noise, SFC, and emission reduction technologies Highly-integrated propulsion/airframe concepts Air Transportation System Nanotechnology 3-D printing or additive manufacturing Survivability 9 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Composite Materials Composite = combine the properties of one set of materials with those of another High-strength fibers + Durable epoxy resins = Durable structural material Lightweight alternative to heavy metals Composites have high specific stiffness and low density Multi-functional composites = bear load but also carry out other functions (e.g., resistance to lightning protection, various types of sensors, camera, etc.) 10 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Air Transportation System Enable aircraft to move more efficiently through the national airspace system Satellite-based navigation, surveillance, and networking Wake vortex alleviation technologies to permit closer spacings Collaboration between industries and government agencies NextGen – Air traffic control system transformation –Maintain/improve safety while increasing its capacity and reducing delays 11 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Noise Reduction Contain objectionable noise within airport boundaries Airframe noise –Shaping –Material Innovative shielding of engine noise from the airframe New flight procedures such as optimized profile descents –Continuous descending approaches, without leveling off periodically –Steeper glide path angles Shaping for low-boom for supersonic flights over land 12 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

Fuel Burn Reduction Minimize aircraft operating costs and environmental impact Goal: reduce fuel burn by at least 50% in 2025 relative to 1998 Combination of airframe, engine, and integrated vehicle efficiency improvements –Highly integrated airframe configurations –Advanced composite structures –Aerodynamic drag reduction technologies; flow control concepts –Alternative engine cycles –Alternative fuels 13 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15

What Can We Expect in Future? 14 Approved for public release; NG , 9/2/15