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3 Refresher Course For J2J/GHC Fellows Washington, D.C. June 9, 2011 Bob Meyers, NPF & J2J

4 Why are we doing this? To make sure that all J2J participants in the GHC conference are on a level playing field, with all other journalists.

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6 Medicine Public Health Primary focus on individual Diagnosis & treatment Medical care Social sciences as an elective part of PH education Laboratory & bedside Primary focus on population Emphasis on prevention Interventions aimed at environment, behavior, lifestyle, medical care Social science as an integral part of PH education Laboratory & field work ( after H. Fineberg, 1990)

Some definitions 7

8 Some basic definitions HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Medicine – a focus on the individual Public health – a focus on populations Incidence – the number of new cases arising in a given population in a given time Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

9 Some basic definitions HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Medicine – a focus on the individual Public health – a focus on populations Incidence – the number of new cases arising in a given population in a given time Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

10 Some basic definitions HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Medicine – a focus on the individual Public health – a focus on populations Incidence – the number of new cases arising in a given population in a given time Prevalence – the proportion of people with HIV at a specific point in time; expressed as a %.

11 Leading Causes of Death In the United States In the Year 1900 Influenza Pneumonia Tuberculosis Gastritis Heart Disease Cerebrovascular Diseases Chronic Nephritis Accidents Cancer and other Malignant Tumors Early Infancy Diseases Diphtheria In the Year 2000 Tobacco Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity Alcohol Consumption Microbial Agents Toxic Agents Motor Vehicle Crashes Incidents involving Firearms Sexual Behaviors Illicit Use of Drugs

Some Causes of Disease They all make good stories 12

Environment

Water

Malaria

Tuberculosis （肺结核）

18 Slide courtesy of Anthony S. Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

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21 A very informal way of looking at HIV transmission … You have to do something Or have something done to you To contract HIV

22 But that’s not true with Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs) … Tuberculosis Lung Disease Cancers Diseases of poverty & the environment

23 All People Are Vulnerable Women –Especially in male-dominant cultures –In war zones –Sex workers –Economically challenged Children –students Medical workers

Pregnant & vulnerable people （孕妇和易受伤人群）

Children at-risk (hungry, malnourished,) 冒着风险的孩子 （饥饿，营养不良）

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POPULATIONS: Until we have a vaccines or cures for many illnesses … We have to focus on prevention 27

28 Personal Prevention Vaccines Condoms – Male or female Microbicides Limited sexual partners Clean needles (HIV/AIDS) male circumcision, for adults

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30 Societal Prevention Developing of new drugs –Distribution of those drugs –Preventing mother-to-child transmission Development of Vaccines Elimination of Stigma Sterile clinical environments Government & industry attitudes

31 To take the example of … Breast Cancer Prevention Diet Weight Alcohol use Age and number of children –Breast feeding Development of Vaccines Sterile clinical environments Government & industry attitudes

32 Journalism Practice

Risk Compare the risk of doing something with the risk of not doing anything –Using a birth control device with low risk VS. getting pregnant –Switching to a meat-heavy diet VS. continuing traditional vegetable-based meals –Drinking and driving 34

Ethical Practice 35

36 In the next four days we’re going to look at a lot of issues, both as journalists and as concerned citizens...

37 Journalists are educators… We research difficult situations We show people what we have learned We give them information – so they can improve their lives – so they can improve society

38 Because we are educators, and with any disease, given … The size of the epidemic The potential for its growth The impact on society The impact on people

39 And the fact that print, or broadcast & online journalists cover everything from …. Poor people Rich people National defense Marginalized populations Sex workers Our country’s future

40 Then I think we can educate many segments of the population about what we know.

And I think that is why we came here … 41

Resources Globalhealthfacts.org Who.org Paho.org Nationalpress.org Theunion.org Unaids.org Stoptb.org 42

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44 Thank you!

45 Acknowledgements Mark Schoofs, The Wall Street Journal Anthony S. Fauci & Greg Folkers, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Bruce D. Walker & Marylyn Addo, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Partners AIDS Research Center Timothy Schacker, University of Minnesota Laurie Garrett, Newsday, & Omololu Falobi, Journalists Against AIDS Nigeria Howard Hughes Medical Institute