Population and Settlement Case Studies

A case study to illustrate strategies to influence natural population change within a country China – one child policy

The Main Facts Population billion - highest in the world In 1970 families were asked to limit families to two children The One child policy became law in 1979 Women must be 25 before they can marry Permission must be given before people can marry and have children Free health care, childcare, education and better pensions provided for those who comply with new laws Fines for parents who have two or more children Forced abortions and sterilisation have been reported What are the Effects Birth rates fell from 33 per 1000 to 16 per 1000 Population growth is slowing down It has worked in the towns but not so successful in the countryside Boys are more valued than girls and there has been talk of genocide taking place especially of the girls The population is becoming unbalanced males for every 100 females The little emperor syndrome has developed with boys being spoilt Males are having problems finding a wife The ageing population will cause dependency problems in the future Recent Changes - The law has now been relaxed and:- Families can have a second child especially if they have a girl first. A second child is permitted if the first one is handicapped Families who are only children are allowed to have two children

China’s one child policy History of the policy? Incentives for having one child Where is China? Penalties for having more than one child Success? Future of the policy Why does China need a one child policy? Use your video notes and hand out to complete your A3 case study

Extended thinking question Is this policy sustainable?

A case study of international migration to illustrate the causes, consequences and management Mexico-USA

The Main Facts Population billion - highest in the world In 1970 families were asked to limit families to two children The One child policy became law in 1979 Women must be 25 before they can marry Permission must be given before people can marry and have children Free health care, childcare, education and better pensions provided for those who comply with new laws Fines for parents who have two or more children Forced abortions and sterilisation have been reported What are the Effects Birth rates fell from 33 per 1000 to 16 per 1000 Population growth is slowing down It has worked in the towns but not so successful in the countryside Boys are more valued than girls and there has been talk of genocide taking place especially of the girls The population is becoming unbalanced males for every 100 females The little emperor syndrome has developed with boys being spoilt Males are having problems finding a wife The ageing population will cause dependency problems in the future Recent Changes - The law has now been relaxed and:- Families can have a second child especially if they have a girl first. A second child is permitted if the first one is handicapped Families who are only children are allowed to have two children

A case study of migration within one country Indonesia Transmigration

Push from Mexico:  Lack of job opportunities  Poor standard of living  Lack of services – healthcare and education Pull into America:  Excellent healthcare  Excellent education  Job opportunities – temporary and seasonal  The ‘American Dream’

Mexico to USA Why leave Mexico? Low standard of living Lack of skilled, well-paid employment Few opportunities Lack of education Poor quality housing Poor health service Why migrate to the USA? Many opportunities High standard of living (one of highest in the world) Many job opportunities (well-paid jobs) Education Excellent health care Search for the ‘American Dream’ Some characteristics of Mexico and the USA USAMexico Unemployment 7%17% People per doctor Family income $24, 750$3, 750 School attendance 99%55%

The issues of migration from Mexico to the USA

Satellite image of the Mexico – California border

Wetbacks – illegal immigrants who cross from Mexico to USA across the Rio Grande.

Tijuana, Mexico

San Diego, California

A case study of urban change to illustrate social, economic and environmental planning and its sustainability Greenwich Millennium Village

On a patch of scrap land you have been asked to develop a sustainable community... What do you do?

The area of land that was chosen, not fully developed in this image

The area used to be mainly grass

Greenwich Millenium Village (GMV) How is this development sustainable? Future of GMV – can we learn from it? Context statement/ Viewpoints Positives Negatives Basic facts of the development How has land use helped make GMV ecological?

A case study to illustrate how retail service provision changes over time Bristol Shopping

Markets:

The distribution of shops is changing so the shops are generally closer together and there are far more large superstores. The distribution of shops is complex because there are so many different ways to buy things. It is made easier by new transport links allowing out of town shopping centre e.g. Cribb’s Causeway. It is also changes as the public begins to change how often and how they shop, making fewer trips to further away stores and buying all they need at once.

Since 1997, Labour have closed 5,000 Post Offices across the country, including 38 in Bristol and South Gloucestershire. That's one in four post offices shut down in Bristol North West and Kingswood.

Over the last ten years small business’s have been closing down at the rate of 2000 a year. Within areas such as Bristol there are 3 large shopping venues with over 500 chain stores that offer everything a shopper would need, therefore smaller business’s tend to be overlooked.

Specialist shops are at risk from e-tailing unless they start selling over the internet. Due to e-tailing eBay has become more used for fixed price sales rather than auction sales. In 2007, two music chains (FOPP & music zone) sold off all of its branches because so many people online.

Due to the increase in e-tailing, web design companies like Yoto Creative (a Bristol company) are thriving.

Ethical Shopping involves taking into account the environment and conditions goods are produced in and how they will affect the futures of the environment and the people who produce that good.. E nvironmentally, people may be concerned where their goods come from, and the transportation required to import and/or transport that good to the retail facility. This is from where the idea of food miles was conceived. This idea concerns how many miles the good has travelled. Obviously, more miles means more fuel as used for transportation. Another concern of ethical shoppers is how companies produce their goods and how they obtain their economies of scale. Globalisation has meant MNC’s can produce products at cheaper prices per unit as they are buying in bigger quantities and outsource jobs. They can pay lower wages as average salaries are lower and the Purchasing Power Parity is higher, that amount of currency can buy more goods in that country. This increases profits. This is of concern to people and trade unions, people are lowly-paid and overworked in these outsourced jobs as there is less regulation

Products such as those produced in organic and fair-trade manners also affect the market- place. These products carry a premium as a result as how they are produced. More money goes to the people that produce them. But some of this premium could come from the Veblen effect. These goods carry a positive price elasticity of demand. This is unlike other goods, as traditionally, if the price of a good were to inflate, people would stop buying it, thus reducing the demand. But these goods increase in demand if the price inflates, breaking the traditional laws of demand. The good carries an increased status, so more people would be prepared to buy it. Sustainable shopping will always be on people’s minds, so if the price were to increase, more money would go to the person who makes it as they would normally receive the same proportion of the price. If people spend more money on a product, they can also say they are making more effort to protect the environment, creating a snob effect. A traditional elasticity of demand graph. If the price goes down, the quantity sold goes up. (These marked by D and Q) Thorstein Veblen’s theory does not comply with this.

Before After?