Visuals in the Geosciences 2. 3. 4..

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Presentation transcript:

Visuals in the Geosciences Earth Science References Tables, NYSED

Spatial Thinking & Geoscience Spatial Thinking is “the process of problem solving via the coordinated use of space, representation, and reasoning ” (NRC, 2006) 3

Spatial Thinking & Geoscience 4

Spatial Thinking is “the process of problem solving via the coordinated use of space, representation, and reasoning ” (NRC, 2006) Spatial Thinking & Geoscience 5

Spatial Thinking vs Spatial Ability (Lohman, 1993; McGrew, 2009) Uttal et al., 2012; Hegarty & Waller, Ability An aspect of “g” Domain-general Apprehending, encoding, and mentally manipulating three- dimensional forms Thinking / Skills Domain-specific Problem – solving with space, representation, and reasoning

Spatial Ability and STEM Education Shea et al., 2001; Wai et al., 2009 Spatial Ability STEM Careers 7

Research Question #1 Earth Science Achievement Spatial Ability

Research Question #2 Earth Science Achievement Visuals Spatial Ability

Earth Science Achievement 165,000 students annually 9 th Graders Publicly available June 2007 Earth Science Regents Exam, NYSED SAMPLE QUESTION WITH VISUAL New York State Earth Science Regents Exam

Three Types of Items 11 TEXT

Three Types of Items 12 NOVEL VISUALS

Three Types of Items 13 TRAINED VISUALS

Three Types of Items 14 TRAINED VISUALS

Population Public High Schools 1 rural / 1 suburban 74% white 144 Students (75 male) 9 th Grade (m=14.6 years) 15

Spatial Ability & Sex Linn & Petersen, 1985; Hamilton, 1998; Sorby & Baartmans, 2000 Sex Differences 16

Linn & Petersen, 1985; Halpern et al., 2007 Spatial Ability & Sex Sex Differences MALES 17

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables 18

Categorizing Test Items 8 Categories Text Only Text w/ ESRT Stem Graphic Stem Graphic w/ESRT Answer Graphic Answer Graphic w/ ESRT Stem + Answer Graphic Stem + Answer Graphic w/ ESRT 3 Categories Text Only ESRT - TRAINED VISUALS Graphic – NOVEL VISUALS Two-way Effects Model with Absolute Agreement ICC =.844

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables 20

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 21

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 22 NYS 8 th Grade English Language Arts Exam

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 23 NYS 8 th Grade English Language Arts Exam NYS 8 th Grade Science Exam

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 24 NYS 8 th Grade English Language Arts Exam NYS 8 th Grade Science Exam June 2012

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 25 3 Spatial Tests Questionnaire 20 ES Regents Questions

NYS Earth Science Regents Exam TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T) NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V) SPATIAL ABILITY READING COMPREHENSION SEX TRAINED VISUAL QUESTIONS (RT) Study Variables MOTIVATION PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 26 3 Spatial Tests Questionnaire 20 ES Regents Questions Collected Fall minute class period

Example Spatial Tests Paper Folding Ekstrom et al., 1976 Mental Rotation Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Object Perspective Hegarty & Waller, 2004

Spatial vs. Reading Spatial Composite Score Reading Comprehension

Spatial vs. Reading Spatial Composite Score Reading Comprehension Males outperformed Females on Spatial t(142) = 4.10, p<.001 Females outperformed Males on Reading t(142) = -2.66, p<.001

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial-.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed)

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205* - 3. Spatial-.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed) Females display higher reading ability

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial -.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed) Males display higher spatial ability

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial-.316**.205* - 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed) Spatial and Reading correlate

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial-.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514** - 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed)

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial-.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed)

Correlations 1. Sex2. Reading3. Spatial4. Regents-All 1. Sex- 2. Reading.205*- 3. Spatial-.316**.205*- 4. Regents-.185*.562**.514**- 5. Text-Onlyns.545**.405**.801** 6. Trained Visualns.516**.392**.934** 7. Novel Visual-.226**.516**.564**.957** N=145; * p <.05; ** p <.01 (2-tailed)

Analysis 37 Overall Performance on the Regents Earth Science Exam Multiple Linear Regression BSE (B)βtp Sex Motivation Prior Science Knowledge <.001 Prior Earth Sci Knowledge Reading <.001 Spatial R 2 =.66, p <.001

Path Analysis 38 Regents

Path Analysis 39 Text Trained Novel

Results ReadingSpatialText Trained Visual Novel Visual Overall Regents Sex ✔✔ XX ✔✔ Reading -- ✔✔✔✔ Spatial -- ✔*✔* X ✔✔ * p <.05, all others p <.01 Significant Direct Effects for Path Analysis 40

Results ReadingSpatialText Trained Visual Novel Visual Overall Regents Sex ✔✔ XX ✔✔ Reading -- ✔✔✔✔ Spatial -- ✔*✔* X ✔✔ Significant Direct Effects for Path Analysis * p <.05, all others p <.01 41

Conclusion Research Question #1: Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement?

Conclusion Research Question #1: Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement? YES

Conclusion Research Question #1: Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement? Research Question #2: Is there a relationship between visual representations, spatial ability, and earth science achievement? YES

Conclusion Research Question #1: Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement? Research Question #2: Is there a relationship between visual representations, spatial ability, and earth science achievement? YES YES: Spatial ability is related to novel visuals, but not trained visuals.

Training Spatial Skills N=67 Experts Novices N=67 Undergrad, Grad, Prof Spatial Ability Knowledge Field Mapping Task Hambrick, Libarkin, Petcovic, Baker, Elkins, Callahan, Turner, Rench & LaDue, 2012, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Training Spatial Skills Expert chemists  Analytical strategies Novice chemistry students  Spatial strategies Low spatial chemistry students  Analytical Strategies Stieff, 2007; Stieff & Raje, 2010; Stieff, Ryu, Dixon, Hegarty, 2012

Next Steps Strategy Studies - Analytical vs Spatial strategies Training Studies - Interventions to improve spatial reasoning 48

Acknowledgements Geocognition Research Lab Julie Libarkin, Advisor D. Zach Hambrick Steve Kluge, Ret. New York Teacher Participating Teachers, Students, and Administrators Funding The Graduate School Graduate Student Research Grant

Contact Me Nicole D. LaDue, PhD Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences Center for Secondary Science and Mathematics Education Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois (815)

Instruments Assessment/SurveyCitation Spatial Ability: Paper-folding Mental Rotation Perspective-taking Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004 Reading Comprehension: 8th Grade ELA NYS examNYSED, 2012 Motivation: Science Motivation Questionnaire (modified) Glynn & Koballa, 2005 Prior Science Knowledge: 8 th Grade Science NYS exam 20 question ES Regents Test NYSED, 2012 NYSED 2011

Example Spatial Tests Paper Folding Test (Ekstrom et al., 1976)

Example Spatial Tests Paper Folding Test (Ekstrom et al., 1976)

Example Spatial Tests Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004

Example Spatial Tests Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004

Example Spatial Tests Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004

Example Spatial Tests Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004