Lecture#06 Networks of radio and television broadcasting The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications Series of lectures “Telecommunication networks” Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov,

Importance of the broadcasting Time of the information extraction: television – 43%, radio – 39%, Internet – 5%, books – 3%. Others – 10%. Source: One of the first Russian TV set (designed in 1949) Tube radio

Radio broadcasting system Invention of the radio has stimulated organization of the sound broadcasting system. Before wide distribution of the television, radio broadcasting was the only transmission facility for prompt information delivery to the big number of subscribers simultaneously. First radio broadcasting networks have proved high efficiency of the new type of telecommunications. Soon radio broadcasting networks became widely adopted in all developed countries. Important peculiarity of the radio broadcasting as opposed to telegraph and telephone communications systems is the utilization of the one-sided (simplex) channels for the information transmission.

Classification of the radio broadcasting systems

Structures of the wire broadcasting

Channels for the radio broadcasting In Russia, three types of channels are used: from 30 to Hz, from 50 to Hz, from 100 to 6000 Hz. For stereophonic broadcasting two channels (“A” and “B”) are used. In some broadcasting systems, there is reverse channel. This channel is used for the management and measurement of the QoS parameters.

Typical structure of the radio and television broadcasting networks

Ear structure

Eye structure 1.Sclera 2.Cornea 3.Anterior chamber 4.Iris 5.Pupil 6.Crystalline lens 7.Optic nerve 8.Retina

Classification of the television broadcasting systems

Video signal spectrum

Operational units of the television broadcast

Methods of the television broadcast

Digital television (1) Digital television (DTV) supports many different picture formats defined by the combination of size, aspect ratio (width to height ratio) and interlacing. The range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories: HDTV and SDTV. These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.

Digital television (2) Standard definition TV (SDTV), by comparison, may use one of several different formats taking the form of various aspect ratios depending on the technology used in the country of broadcast. For 4:3 aspect-ratio broadcasts, the 640 × 480 format is used in NTSC countries, while 720 × 576 format is used in PAL countries. High-definition television (HDTV), one of several different formats that can be transmitted over DTV, uses different formats, amongst which: 1280 × 720 pixels or 1920 × 1080 pixels. Each of these utilizes a 16:9 aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over current analog channels.

Evolution of the interactive services

Prospects of the radio and television broadcasting development Among variety of development trends of radio and television broadcasting systems, three important directions should be noted. The first direction is generated by the processes of integration and convergence in the infocommunication system. Consequence of this process is provision of sound and television broadcasting based on the NGN concept. Transfer to the IP broadcasting can be considered as the demonstration of this tendency. The second direction is related to interactivity support, which was absent in radio and television broadcasting systems. Interactivity allows a user to receive, in full measure, the needed services. Already utilized Video on Demand service can serve as an example of such capability. The third direction reflects tendencies to quality. Such tendencies are expressed in the growing sales share of the high-quality television and radio equipment for use in households and in cars. Also requirements to handheld terminals are rising. The same reasons have stimulated HDTV standard development.

Some important aspects of the TV (1) IPTV: additional income ~ 50% of the all respondents, growth of the customer’s number ~ 30% of the all respondents, growth of the broadband access market ~ 16% of the all respondents, retention of the customers ~ 11% of the all respondents. Source: K. Wieland. What role for IPTV. – Telecommunications International, September, 2006.

Some important aspects of the TV (2) Mobile TV: Types of the content: 24% – documentary, sport, and similar programs, 30% – serials, 46% – news. Place of viewing: 36% – at home, 23% – at work, 21% – in a bus, 7% – in a car, 3% – at bus station.

Some important aspects of the TV (3)

Some important aspects of the TV (4)

Some important aspects of the TV (5)

Some important aspects of the TV (6)

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Some important aspects of the TV (9)

Some important aspects of the TV (8) Source: 3-D in the Home:

Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, Questions? Networks of radio and television broadcasting