Introduction Question ► How do people respond today to difficult economic or political instability?
Our Mission ► To summarize the decline of the Roman Empire ► To describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine ► To trace the fall of the Western Roman Empire
The End of the Pax Romana ► Death of Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180 C.E.) ► Marks the decline of the Roman Empire
Factors leading to the Decline ► Economic Problems ► Military Problems ► Political Problems
Economic Problems ► Trade disrupted due to hostile barbarian tribes and Mediterranean pirates ► Lack of new gold & silver sources ► Solution: Raised taxes Problem: Inflation ► Agriculture suffers due to overworked soil & war Result: Food shortages
Military & Political Problems ► Roman soldiers less loyal & disciplined ► Allegiance to generals vs. Rome ► Mercenaries/barbarians recruited to protect the Roman Empire ► Roman citizens lose patriotism Result: Indifference
The coming of the Barbarians
Reform-Minded Emperors ► Diocletian (C.E. 284) Strict rule w/ limited personal freedoms Restores strength & order Doubles army size Claims divinity to gain respect Divides empire into Latin west and Greek east ► Constantine (C.E. 312) Gains control of Western Empire in 312 Gains control of entire empire in 324 Moves capital from Rome to Byzantium 330 Switches for trade and protection purposes East now more wealthier and powerful
Constantinople
Fall of the Western Roman Empire ► Roman Empire always surrounded by Germanic tribes to the North ► Germanic tribes pushed by the Huns in C.E. 370 ► Barbarians (non-Romans) push into Western Empire ► C.E. 410 Barbarians sack Rome
Attila the Hun ► Unites Huns in C.E. 444 (Mongol nomads) ► Terrorizes both halves of the Roman Empire till C.E. 453 (death of Attila)
Fall of the Roman Empire ► Western Empire Falls in C.E. 476 to Germanic forces Splits into various provinces (modern Europe) ► Eastern Empire Preserves Greco-Roman culture Falls in C.E to the Ottoman Empire