War and Revolution in China and Vietnam Chapter 35

Intro ► E. Asia very different (esp. Japan) ► Japan: ethnically homogeneous, politically unified, militarily adept ► China/Vietnam:  Suffered from Western/Japanese exploitation  Underdeveloped, overpopulated, poor, pollution  years-patterns of life collapse  **others able to preserve culture/society  C/V- unable to preserve… full scale revolutions

China ► Power struggle after fall of Qing  Military warlords (Yuan Shikai)  Merchants/bankers of coastal cities  University students, teachers, intellectuals (Sun)  Secret societies  Intervention by Western powers and Japan ► May 4 th Movement ► Sun Yat-sen elected pres., set up parliament ► Sun resigns for Yuan Shikai because he appeared to have best chance to unify

► Japanese “interference” ► Yuan resigns…power struggle results ► Mass demonstrations (marches, strikes, etc) ► Wanted to transform China to democracy ► Rejected Confucianism ► Wanted western ideas (women’s lib, simplify Chinese script, individualism, etc) ► Realize: no way that democratic elections would work-things were so bad – had no time!

Example of Russian Rev. ► Marxism needed major changes to work in China ► Peasants, not workers ► Li Dazhao-changed ideas ► Mao Zedong was student ► Hated merchants, commerce ► Wanted authoritarian system ► Socialist Youth Corps ► Birth of Chinese communist party

Guomindang ► Nationalist party in north, comm. in south ► Sun Yat-sen ► Alliances with social groups, build army ► Concentrated on political/international instead of social reforms ► Support from business people and warlords ► Temporary alliance w/communists ► Communists were link to peasants

► Nationalists turn to Russia for help ► Whampoa Military Academy  Chiang Kai-shek, head of academy, w/ Sun, did not like communists  Military training ► Peasants (90%) worst problem ► Sun Yat-sen dies, Chiang takes control of Nationalist party, head of warlord heirarchy ► Purged communists ► Alliance breaks up, leads to civil war

Long March ► Stalin actually continues to support Nationalists ► Chiang wears down communists in south ► They escape to the north (90,000-20,000) ► Chiang winning; Japanese invade ► Military alliance w/ communists ► Ultimately good for Mao, bad for Chiang ► Chiang flees south to Taiwan

Mao’s China ► Army subordinate to the communist party ► Demonstrate new power: Tibet, Mongolia, Korea ► Break with Soviets ► Explode nuclear device !! ► Economics: land reform, Mass Line, co-ops ► “1000 flowers” - 

Great Leap “Forward” ?? ► Small scale industrialization – back yard steel furnaces ► Benefits of “backwardness”, joy of mass involvement, all areas of life regulated ► Leap failed: drought, famine, resistance to ideas, etc. ► Population problem ► Pragmatists gain some power

Women’s roles ► Communists: Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife)  End foot-binding, win legal rights for women, open education and careers  Used women to advance the communist cause  Get legal equality, but still burdened in house ► Nationalists: Madame Chiang (Chiang’s wife)  Return the women to “hearth and home”  Virtue better than learning  Reverse any gains

Cultural Revolution ► Mass student demonstrations, little red books, Red Guard ► Want to restore fervor of revolution ► Pragmatists lose power ► “Crimes against the people”, “re-education” ► Pragmatist come back (Deng Xiaoping) ► Better relations w/ US ► Gang of Four imprisoned ► Communists have made some successes

Vietnam ► Much in common w/ China due to borrowing ► French involvement, many converts ► Tayson Rebellion, Nguyen dynasty first to rule unified Vietnam ► Eventually puppet rulers of French ► Poor French management of economy

20 th century ► New Western educated middle class ► Initially want better jobs, etc., eventually leads to independence movement ► VNQDD(nationalists) fail ► Communist party becomes main focus of resistance ► Ho Chi Minh ► Peasant emphasis like China

War against the French ► Japan withdraws and leaves a vaccuum ► Viet Minh ► Use guerrilla tactics, beat French (Battle of Dien Bien Phu-1954) ► Viet Minh win control of north and promise of elections in south

War against the US ► Victim of Cold War ► US backed leader in south (Ngo Dinh Diem) ► Not supported by people or communists ► Fighting against Viet Cong ► Diem overthrown*, US intervention increases ► Vietnam united at end, but many problems to cope with