Paratuberculosis in animals Ivo Pavlik Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

Paratuberculosis (Johne‘s disease) Etiology: M. a. paratuberculosis 1895 Ayele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001,

Clinical impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle

*p  0.01 CowLactation Fec. cultureELISAPrevious-PLast-LL – P * Milk production Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.

Weight of new-born calves MotherCalves (weight in kg) Fec. culture ELISABullHeifer * *p  0.01 Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.

Clinical paratuberculosis in beef cow

The frequency of clinical signs in 225 cows

Age of 225 animals with clinical paratuberculosis culled animals (%) age

Clinical paratuberculosis in fallow deer

The most often localisation of MAP infection Amemori et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2004,

Pathologico-anatomical alterations: oedema, thickening and corrugation of mucousa Sheep Cow Ayele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001,

Sampling of material for the isolation of MAP faeces intestine lymph nodes swabsnon-vertebrates

Prime-culture of faecesSubculture of isolates Cultivation of M. a. paratuberculosis blank growing liquid medium Contamination

Red deerwhite variant Fallow deerMoufflon

Total 4212 Biological materials (GIT tissue samples) during 1992 to Cattle Sheep and goats Red deer Roe deer Fallow deer Moufflon

The ruminants infected with paratuberculosis in GIT during 1993 to Total 653 Cattle Sheep and goats Red deer Roe deer Fallow deer Moufflon

Incubation period of M. a. paratuberculosis isolated from the GIT cattle 325 sheep+goats 8 cervids 31 moufflons cattle 225 sheep+goats 25 cervids and moufflons 9 Z-N negative GIT tissue Z-N positive GIT tissue % % months

Possible ways of transmission Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 2000,

Infection after parturition in stable

Infection during the milk feeding period

Infection after parturition on pasture

RFLP types of MAP isolates from samples collected from farm A A-C 10 B-C1 B-C9 B-C10 B-C14 RFLP type faeces environment detection of RFLP types (%)

Paratuberculosis in cattle ( ) Czech Rep. imported Danish red Herreford No. of herds

Paratuberculosis in cattle ( ) No. of herds Czech Rep. imported

Types of breeds of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic ( ) 55.8% 9.3% 6.1% 5.4% 4.7% 2.8% 2.3% 11.3% Holstein Charolais Mont Belliarde Aberdeen Angus Simental Fleckvieh Galloway Jersey other 11 breeds Others PI HE BA LI BR BS GA BM HI PZ SA 2.1% 1.9% 1.2% 0.4% 4.0%

Prevalence of selected infections and invasive diseases in imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic ( ) Trichophytosis 14.5% 1.5% 84.0% IBR/IPV others: BVD Pasteurellosis IKKS Hypodermosis 80.8% 19.2%

4.8% 29.1% 46.8% 0.7% 4.3% 0.3% 1.5% 0.3% Origin of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic ( ) 11,1%

5.3% 2.6% 27.3% 17.8% 66.7% 0% 100% 0% Origin of infected cattle herds (n=53) imported to the Czech Republic ( )

HOLSTEINMONT BELIARDE CHAROLAIS Prevalence of paratuberculosis in imported cattle breeds

Spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection by calves through 6 farms with cows Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 45, 1995,

Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats No. of herds Czech Rep. imported

M. a. paratuberculosis transmission from sheep to cattle herds

Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats ? ? No. of herds

Control programme of paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic Control programme is subsidised by state from 1999 The cost for two whole herd faecal culture of all animals older than 18 months is covered Animals shedding M. a. paratuberculosis are culled Compensation for slaughtered animals is covered by owners or in part by insurance companies Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

Paratuberculosis was controlled in 60 herds of ruminants during 1992 to 2001 Animal herdNo. of herds cattle 53 sheep 1 Capricorn 1 antelope 1 moufflon 1 fallow deer 1 red deer 2 Total 60 Faecal culture examination was done (sedimentation method with 0.75% HPC): heads of cattle and 670 other ruminants

Successful control (60 herds evaluated) Animal species:7 herds of cattle, 1 herd of Capricorn 8 (13.3 %)

Control of paratuberculosis on farm M with 180 cows Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

The control programme underway (60 herds evaluated) Animal species: 20 herds of cattle and 1 herd of deer 21 (35.0 %)

Control of paratuberculosis on farm HJ with 400 cows Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

Control of paratuberculosis on farm H with 180 cows Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

Radical method of control programme Animal species:18 cattle herd 1 deer herd 1 flock of goat 1 herd of antelope 1 fallow deer 1 herd of moufflon 23 (38.3 %)

Suspended control programme for financial reasons 8 (13.3%) Animal species: 8 cattle herds

Risk factors for successful control of the disease 1. Late detection of the first case of infection 2. Rearing of calves with their mothers during the first 3 months 3. Movement of animals between herds 4. Progenies from infected mothers Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

B. Limiting factors 1. Low motivation of farmers to control the disease a. without clinical cases of paratuberculosis b. genetically valuable animals c. with animals prepared for the market d. breeding bulls 2. Lack of financial support for slaughtered animals a. clinical suspects for paratuberculosis b. clinical healthy shedders of MAP c. progenies from infected mothers Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000,

Occurrence of M.a.paratuberculosis in dairy farm Floor scrapings Wall scrapings Feed Floor scrapings Ficher et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003,

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in pasture

Sampling of field samples from a septic tank fixing of a jar with stoppersubmersion of a jar release of stopper from a jarpull a jar with a sediment

Occurrence of mycobacteria in a farm M. fortuitum, M. a. hominissuis serotypes 6 and 9 silage M. gordonae, M. a. avium midden silage M. a. paratuberculosis

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in milk

M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates

Fischer et al., Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15, 2001,

Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) – larva and pupa Machackova et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 2004,

Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) Fischer et al.: Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of mycobacterial infections. Med. Vet. Entomology, 17, 2003,

Fischer et al.: Findings of Mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiologica, 45, 2000, 2,

Earth worms (Lumbricus terrestris) Fischer et al.: Earthworms (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003,

Results 2.0 % of samples of the external environment 3.0 % of 33 samples of earth worms 22.2 % of 351 samples of larvae of drone flies (Eristalis tenax) 2.0 % of 202 samples of dipterous flies of the family Scatophagidae: Scatophaga sp. Calliphoridae: Calliphora vicina Lucillia caesar

Thank you for your attention