Genetic Evaluation and Index Changes

HA-USA Fertility Index Fertility Index =.64 x PTA Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR).18 x PTA Cow Conception Rate (CCR).18 x PTA Heifer Conception Rate (HCR)

Cow Conception Rate Lactating cow’s ability to conceive. Percentage of inseminated cows that become pregnant at each service. PTA CCR of 1 implies that daughters of this bull are 1% more likely to become pregnant as lactating cows than daughters of a bull with PTA CCR of 0. Higher PTA values are better.

Heifer Conception Rate Maiden heifer’s ability to conceive. Percentage of inseminated heifers that become pregnant at each service. PTA HCR of 1 implies that daughters of this bull are 1% more likely to become pregnant as growing heifers than daughters of a bull with PTA HCR of 0. Higher PTA values are better.

Daughter Pregnancy Rate Percentage of non-pregnant cows that become pregnant during each 21-day period. Calculated from days open using a non-linear formula. Combination of how quickly the cow resumes cycling after calving, how strongly she expresses estrous and her conception rate. Higher PTA values are better.

Multi-Trait Fertility Evaluations DPRCCRHCR DPR1.00 CCR HCR Fertility as a heifer is a different trait than fertility as a cow. These 3 traits are evaluated simultaneously in 1 evaluation. Genetic correlations are used to allow DPR records to contribute to CCR evaluations and improve their reliability and vice versa. Fertility Trait Genetic Correlations

7HO8081 Planet Fitness Somatic Cell Score3.0499% Rel Productive Life+5.699% Rel Daughter Pregnancy Rate-1.199% Rel Heifer Conception Rate+1.699% Rel28,240 Dtrs Cow Conception Rate+1.399% Rel29,830 Dtrs 33,124 Dtrs

7HO10849 Shamrock Fitness 33,124 Dtrs Somatic Cell Score2.8699% Rel Productive Life+6.394% Rel Daughter Pregnancy Rate+2.397% Rel Heifer Conception Rate+4.296% Rel6,375 Dtrs Cow Conception Rate+5.296% Rel3,017 Dtrs 4,113 Dtrs

7HO11402 Tavir Fitness Somatic Cell Score3.0286% Rel Productive Life+3.282% Rel Daughter Pregnancy Rate+0.176% Rel Heifer Conception Rate+1.667% Rel75 Dtrs Cow Conception Rate+1.874% Rel35 Dtrs 72 Dtrs

HA-USA Fertility Index Fertility Index =.64 x PTA Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR).18 x PTA Cow Conception Rate (CCR).18 x PTA Heifer Conception Rate (HCR) Correlation between DPR and Fertility Index = 98%

HA-USA Feed Efficiency Index Feed Efficiency Index = Dollar Value of Milk Produced -Feed Costs for Extra Milk -Extra Maintenance Costs 3% weighting in full TPI formula

HA-USA Feed Efficiency Index Feed Efficiency Index = (.0028*Milk)+(1.8*Fat)+(2.95*Protein) -(.0276*Milk)-(.64*Fat)-(.77*Protein) -(7.44*Body Size Composite) -0.5% weight on size in full TPI formula

Feed Efficiency, FeedPRO and TPI IndexProtDPRSCSPLUDCBody Sz Stature Feed Efficiency FeedPRO TPI Correlation between Indexes and various traits

Ideal Commercial Cow Index ICC$ = Wt1 x Prod Efficiency $ + Wt2 x Health $ + Wt3 x Fertility and Fitness $ + Wt4 x Milking Ability $ + Wt5 x Calving Ability $

Feed PRO Selection Results (as compared to industry average bulls) IndexMilkFatProtDPRPLStatUDC Top-50 FP Top-50 ICC$ Top-50 NM Top-50 TPI Industry Avg

New Indexes from CDN Revised LPI – 40% Production, 40% Type, 20% Fitness New index called Pro$ – Index focused on commercial producers – Formulated based on traits most correlated to profit generated through first 6 lactations using a DHI profit function. – Less production, less %’s, less type, more health and fertility.

Sire Ranking with new LPI

Sire Ranking with Pro$

A2 Milk Beta casein makes up about 30% of the protein in cow’s milk. There are 13 known genetic variations of the beta casein protein. A1 and A2 are the most common variants. When humans digest A1 milk we produce metabolites the may cause “problems”.

Bull Genotypes Animals have 2 sets of chromosomes so they will have 2 genes that determine the type of beta casein they produce. Cows with 1 A1 gene and 1 A2 gene will produce milk with a mixture of A1 and A2 beta casein protein. Cows that produce no A1 beta casein protein are “preferred” (A2A2 genotype).

a2 Milk Company The a2 Milk Company is now marketing a2 milk in the western US. Also being marketed in New Zealand, Australia, UK and China. The claim is that a2 milk will reduce the digestive discomfort that some experience when consuming milk.

New Testing for Bulls Routine test only identifies the A1 variant from all others. The a2 Milk Company has a more specific test that will identify a bull’s specific genotype. In the future we may see genotypes like A3, A4, B, C, D, etc. Bulls that are confirmed to be true A2A2 will be identified in future sire summaries.

Holstein TPI Trend (All Major AI Organizations) Birth Year More Rapid Genetic progress

Jersey JPI Trend (All AI Organizations) Birth Year

Graduates by gTPI Decile 2009 %ile Rank# of GraduatesGraduation Rate % % % % % % % B&W PGA-sampled Holsteins Cheerio P Marty Mizzou Mcfly

Graduates by gTPI Decile 2010 %ile Rank# of GraduatesGraduation Rate % % % % % % % % 1000% 013.2% 307 B&W PGA-sampled Holsteins Sabathia Gerry, Tiago Montney

Graduates by gTPI Decile 2011 %ile Rank# of GraduatesGraduation Rate % % % % % % % 2000% 1000% 028.0% 244 B&W PGA-sampled Holsteins Draper Brokaw Talbot Brick Fang Bradnick Kennard

Calving Ease Genomic Evaluations Compared April ‘14 to April ‘15 CE evaluations for genomic young sires. Average change going from 0 calvings to >200 was Number of Calvings% that go up >0.5 % that go up >1.0 < 50 calvings35%17% 200 to 400 calvings16%3%

PTA Changes for PGA bulls sampled in 2010 (286 bulls – August 2011 to April 2015) Percentile Rank Ave TPI Change Ave ending TPI % Rank Ave NM$ Change Ave ending NM$ Rank

Comparison of change for the Top 100 Holstein Proven Sires for TPI and the Top 100 Holstein Young Sires for TPI in Apr 2011 with their TPI for Apr 2015 Average Change -237 TPI +199 to -723 Average Change -45 TPI +228 to -448

Holstein Active AI – TPI Comparison

Average change of -33 JPI (+33 to -98) Average change of -51 JPI (+38 to -149) Comparison of change for the Top 50 Jersey Proven Sires for JPI and the Top 50 Jersey Young Sires for JPI in April 2011 with their JPI for April 2015

Jersey Active A.I. - JPI Comparison

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