PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Spring 2011 College of San Mateo Instructor: Theresa Martin Human Anatomy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: The study of structure Subdivisions: Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy) Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology) Developmental (e.g., embryology)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Principle of Complementarity Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Body Organization Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Figure 1.1, step 1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle cell 1 2 Figure 1.1, step 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1, step 3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1, step 4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1, step 5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1, step 6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Organ Systems Note major organs and functions of the 11 organ systems (Fig. 1.3)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What are the organ systems of the human body? What organs are in each system? What does each organ system do? Homework

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Liver Spleen Pancreas Aorta Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic (genital) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b Cervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities