Unit 1: Introduction the Human Body Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Human Body What is anatomy? The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts. What is physiology? The study of how organisms perform their vital functions through the use of internal and external structures of the body.

Levels of Organization Chemical/Molecular  Cellular (simplest form of life)  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism Figure 1-1

Homeostasis Homeo : unchanging + stasis : standing The ability to continue a stable internal environment Maintaining homeostasis is essential for all living organisms to survive. Homeostatic Regulation: the adjustment of physiological systems to continue homeostasis 2 Mechanisms Involved 1-Autoregulation 2-Extrinsic Regulation

Homeostasis continued… Autoregulation: or intrinsic regulation Automatic adjustment in response to an environmental change Extrinsic Regulation: Nervous system or endocrine system regulation When a homeostatic regulation occurs there are 3 parts: 1- Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to an environmental change 2- Control Center: area which receives and processes the information from the receptor 3- Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the commands

Homeostatic Regulation continued… Negative Feedback: Controlling or going against the change Example: Body gets too warm Negative Feedback: Body begins to sweat Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation Positive Feedback: Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the effects Example: Break in blood vessel  Damaged cells release chemical  clotting begins  additional chemicals released  clotting accelerates Important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion quickly

Organ Systems The Integumentary The Skeletal

Organ Systems The Muscular The Nervous

Organ Systems The Endocrine The Circulatory

Organ Systems The Lymphatic The Respiratory

Organ Systems The Digestive The Urinary

Organ Systems The Reproductive

Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical Position Hands at sides with palms facing forward Supine: body laying with face up Prone: body laying with face down

Anatomical Regions 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right lobe of liver, gall bladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs

Anatomical Regions 9 Abdominopelvic Region Right Hypochondriac Region Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right Inguinal Region Hypogastric Region Left Inguinal Region

Directional Terms Superior: above, at a higher level Inferior: below, at a lower level Anterior: front Posterior: back Ventral: Belly side Dorsal: Back side Cranial: the head Caudal: the tail/coccyx Medial: towards the midsagittal plane Lateral: away from midsagittal plane Proximal: close to attached base Distal: away from attached base Superficial: towards surface Deep: farther from surface, deep Figure 1-8

Planes of Section Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior sections Frontal Plane or coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves

Body Cavities Figure 1-10

Dorsal Body Cavities Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Ventral Body Cavities The diaphragm separates: Thoracic Cavity Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Pericardial Cavity Parietal Pericardium---opposing surface Visceral Pericardium---layer covering the heart Left Pleural Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization What percentage of each element is found in the Human body? Oxygen---A component of water, important for respiration 65% Carbon---Found in all organic molecules 18.6% Hydrogen---A component of water 9.7% Nitrogen---Found in proteins, nucleic acids 3.2% Calcium---Found in bones and teeth 1.8%

Inorganic Compounds- Usually do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as part of the primary structure Most important Carbon Dioxide Byproduct of cell metabolism Oxygen Gas required for important metabolic reactions Water Accounts for most of our body weight Acids, bases, salts

Organic Compounds- Carbohydrates Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Most familiar are sugars and starches Most important sources of energy that are metabolizes vs stored 3 main types Monosaccharides Simple sugar Common example would be Glucose and is the most important metabolic fuel for the body—Chemical formula?? Can dissolve quickly in water and is rapidly distributed throughout the body

Organic Compounds- Carbohydrates Disaccharides Is 2 mono’s joined together Complex molecule The body must disassemble them before they can be useful Polysaccharides Multiple Disaccharides joined together Our digestive tract can break these molecules into Mono’s Starch is a common example Cellulose-more energy expended through chewing than made back through digestion

Organic Compounds- Lipids Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Familiar lipids include fats, oils, and waxes Most are insoluble in water Form an essential component in all cells Phospholipids Account for 12-18% of total body weight in males and 18-24% in females Common Examples Fatty Acids Glycerides Steroids

Organic Compounds- Proteins Most abundant in human body Account for 20% of total human weight Functions: Support Movement Transport Buffering Metabolic Regulation Coordination and control Defense Structure: Contain long chains of amino acids