1. What are the three categories of Critical Thinking? 2. What are the two groups you obtain data from in an experiment? 3. Conclusions always fall into what two categories?

 We will analyze the cellular design and function in plant, animal and bacterial cells  We will use the microscopes to examine an example of a plant, animal and bacterial cell

 You may not have a picture in your mind when you hear the word cell  Think of cells as colorful little building blocks  Just like blocks, cells come together to construct a living thing

 A cell is a watery body containing chemicals that hold information  Humans have more than 200 types of cells that make many billions of cells  Each cell works hard and they all carry the exact same information

 During the 1830s, with the improvement of microscopes, scientists were able to better understand the structure and function of cells  It was at this time that the cell theory was developed

All living matter is made up of one or more cells. Also, any cell alive today had its origin in a preexisting cell  It is clear that living things are made of at least one living cell  Because every cell alive today came from a preexisting cell, we are truly related to our ancestors and bound to our past

 The foundation of the functioning cell that define all life forms is the atom  Atoms bond together to form molecules

 Simple molecules link into long chains inside the cell called proteins  Proteins are made up of amino acids strung together end to end

 The order of amino acids in these chains is determined by another long molecule, DNA  DNA controls the shape of a tree leaf and the length of an alligator’s tail  DNA is the genetic material that is the blueprint of life

 The proteins that are formed from instructions within the DNA carry on all functions of life, including transporting oxygen with our blood, protecting us from disease, and helping our bodies grow, mature, and age

 Animal Cell  Plant Cell  Bacterial Cell

 Nucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction  Cytoplasm: Watery substance inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell  Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the “powerhouse” of a cell  Cell Membrane: Surrounds cell, allows substances in & out of cell  Lysosomes: Help break down and digest molecules

 Ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure  Golgi Apparatus: Helps transport proteins made by the ribosomes out of the cell  Centrioles: Plan important role in cell division  Nucleolus: Programs the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

 Nucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction  Cell Wall: Made of cellulose, found only in plants, allows substances in and out of cell  Cell Membrane: Thin, flexible membrane just inside the cell wall  Colorplasts: Found only in plants, green, contain chlorophyll  Cytoplasm: Watery material inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell

 Vacuoles: Storage tanks of the cell  Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the “powerhouse” of a cell  Ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

 Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost layer  Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for pigmentation by converting energy from the sun into food  Plant cells have larger vacuoles than Animal cells  Animal cells contain centrioles that play a role in mitosis  Many animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell membrane which aids in movement of the cell

 Cell Wall: Gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the bacterium from the environment  Cytoplasm: Where cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like substance and contains cells structures such as ribosomes and the DNA  Cell Membrane: Encloses the interior of the bacterium and controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell

 Flagella: Hair like structures that help bacteria move. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface  Nucleoid: Is a region of cytoplasm where the DNA is located. It is not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found  Ribosomes: Microscopic “factories” found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the gentic code to amino acids

 They are prokaryotes, a type of cell that does not have a well-defined nucleus  The single form of the word is bacterium. More than one is called bacteria  Their cells contain a single closed DNA circle  They come in many shapes and sizes  They are found practically everywhere on Earth and live in some of the most unusual places  A microscope is needed to see them  Aerobic require oxygen and Anerobic can’t tolerate oxygen  Three shapes are Cocci (round) Bacilli (rod-shaped) Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)