Security Controls and Systems in E-Commerce Prof. Mohamed Aly Aboul - Dahab Head of Electronic and communications Engineering Department Arab Academy for Science , Technology and Maritime Transport ITU E - Commerce Conference for the Arab Region Tunisia, May 2001

I. Introduction What is E - Commerce ? Actors of E - Commerce: Product. Player. Process. Scope of E - Commerce: Infrastructure. Pillars. Applications.

I. Introduction (Cont’d) Security of E - Commerce involves: Security control Security systems

II. Security Controls 1- Confidentiality. 2- Access control. 3- Integrity. 4- Availability. 5- Non repudiation.

II. Security Controls (Cont’d) 1- Confidentiality it refers to the protection of information from unauthorized agent or person. It can be guaranteed by encrypting the data.

II. Security Controls (Cont’d) 2- Access control There should be some sort of control of any entity (human or computer) trying to access the E - Commerce system. It includes two measures : authentication and authorization.

2- Access Control (Cont’d) Authentication : The sender of a document must be identified precisely and without any possibility of fraud. Authorization: not all the users can have access rights to the E- Commerce system.

II. Security Controls (Cont’d) 3- Integrity It refers to protecting the data and / or computer against any tampering [nationally or internationally). Measures are taken to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data.

II. Security Controls (Cont’d) 4- Availability It refers to the continuity of the processing and the availability of information. 5- Non repudiation It ensures that users cannot deny actions they undertake.

III. Security Technologies The categories of security technologies are:- 1- Platform security. 2- Network security. 3- Encryption and certificate authority.

III. Security Technologies (Cont’d) 1- Platform security It refers to security of information contained in the computers or servers. The objective is to ensure that information on the platform is secured from unauthorized users or other platforms.

III. Security Technologies (Cont’d) 1- Platform security It can be done on three levels: User access to operating system. User access to the database. User access to the business applications and internal browser. This can be carried out by using passwords and ID numbers at each level.

III. Security Technologies (Cont’d) 2- Network Security It refers to the security of all traffic at the network levels. It involves two aspects: the two communicating platforms should authenticate each other. The information has to be preserved confidentially over the network.

III. Security Technologies (Cont’d) 2- Network Security The techniques utilized are : a) IP security protocol. b) Point to point tunneling protocol. c) Remote authentication Dial In user service. d) Firewalls.

2- Network Security (Cont’d) a) IP security protocol: The two hosts ( or platforms ) establish a security association between them. A sequence of bits called “key” is added to the information packets. Checksum operations are made on the entire packet (including the key). These operations follow certain rules or “algorithms”.

2- Network Security (Cont’d) b) Point to point tunneling protocol It is a protocol that allows establishing a secure channel between the two hosts then communicating the information. c) Remote Authentication Dial In user service It is a protocol that enables a host to authenticate dial in users before allowing them to convert to the internet service.

2- Network Security (Cont’d) d) Firewalls These are filters that control access to the internal network of the system. They examine the packet contents and accept or reject the routing, of packets based upon the contents. They are “hardware” components that are implemented from a combination of routers, hosts. computers, servers,……. etc.

III. Security Technologies (Cont’d) 3- Encryption and Certificate Authority This refers to encryption of information itself. The encryption process needs a sequence of bits called “key” and a mathematical process called “algorithm”. There are several types of encryption, namely a) Private key encryption c) Public key encryption d) Digital signature e) Certificate authority

3- Encryption and Certificate Authority (Cont’d) a) Private key encryption Same key is used to both encrypt and decrypt the message. It should be known to both sides. Difficulties are: message is communicated between users that have never met. If so many users hold the same key, it will no longer be private.

3- Encryption and Certificate Authority (Cont’d) b) Public key Encryption Two keys are used : a public key to encrypt the message and a private key to decrypt it. The public key is made available to anyone who wants to send a message. The only way to decrypt the message is to hold a private key.

3- Encryption and Certificate Authority (Cont’d) e) Digital Signature It is used to make sure that the message is coming from the person you think sent it. It is also used to make sure that the person cannot deny he or she has sent the message.

e) Digital Signature (Cont’d) Digital signature is done as follows: The sender has two keys : one “private” for encryption and the other “public” for decryption. The sender creates a phrase and encrypt it with his private key. The phrase is attached to the message and both are encrypted by a public key. The phrase is decrypted with a public key, if it is successfully decrypted, then the sender himself has sent it.

3- Encryption and Certificate Authority (Cont’d) d) Certificate Authority (CA) It is a third party which ensures that no body can steel the private key and send the message. The role of certificate authority is done as follows:

d) Certificate Authority (Cont’d) Individuals (or computers) apply for “Digital Certificate” from certificate authority by sending their public key and identification information. Certificate authority verifies information and creates a certificate that contains the applicant public key and identifying information.

d) Certificate Authority (Cont’d) The Certificate Authority uses its private key to encrypt the certificate and sends it to the applicant. The applicant uses the Certificate Authority public key to decrypt the certificate and sends it. He will use the embedded public key to send the message.

3- Encryption and Certificate Authority (Cont’d) e) Biometrics there are seven categories of biometrics, namely finger scanning, face recognition, hand geometry, iris and retina scanning, voice recognition, palm-print recognition, and signature recognition. Special hardware should be used e.g. finger print scanners and camera- based iris recognition.

IV. Conclusion Security is an issue of prime importance to E- Commerce. Security controls for E-Commerce have to be laid down. Security technologies can be applied on three levels: platform, network and message encryption.

References: 1) Me Garr, M.S., “ Tuning in Biometrics to Reduce E-Commerce Risk”, EC-World magazine, Feb.2000. 2) Turbin, E, et.al, “Electronic Commerce- A perspective”, Prentice Hall Inc.,2000. 3)Rajpnt,W.E., ”E-Commerce systems Architecture and Applications”, Artech House,2000.

Multicast Dissemination Architecture Sender Network Distribution Sites Network Receivers

Credit card processing company EC-DC Model worldwide Customer bank developing countries Web customer Web store front merchant Secure web E- commerce server Merchant’s bank Credit card processing company

Commerce Applications Electronic Commerce Applications Stocks, Jobs, Online Banking, Procurement and Purchasing Malls, Online Marketing and Advertising, Customer Service, Auctions, Travel, Online Publishing Framework for Electronic Commerce People Buyers, Sellers Intermediaries Services, IS people and Management Public Policy Taxes,Legal,and Privacy Issues Free Speech Domain names Technical Standards For Documents Security. And Network Protocols, Payments. Organizations Partners Competitors Associations Government Services Infrastructure Common Business Services Messaging and Information Distribution Multimedia Content and Network Publishing Interfacing Network MANAGEMENT

I. Introduction (Cont’d) Applications Pillars Infrastructure

I. Introduction (Cont’d) Infrastructure Applications Pillars Online Banking I. Introduction (Cont’d) Purchasing Online Publishing Pillars People Selling Legality Infrastructure Services Security Customer Service Information Handling Networks Auctions Interfacing Enterprises Exchange Stock Standards Marketing Malls Advertising