Chapter 8 Section 2 The Crisis Deepens

The Birth of the Republican Party Reaction to Kansas Nebraska Act Reaction to Kansas Nebraska Act –Whigs and Democrats split Anger over Kansas Nebraska Act caused many to work together Anger over Kansas Nebraska Act caused many to work together –Former Whigs, members of the Free Soil Party, few antislavery Democrats took many names one of the new popular coalitions: Republican Party

~Republicans Organize July 1854 Republicans officially organized July 1854 Republicans officially organized Intentions: Intentions: –Revive the spirit of the American Revolution –Feared Southern planters were becoming an aristocracy that controlled the federal government –Agreed slavery should be kept out of the territories

~The Know Nothings At the same time the Republicans were making great strides- the American Party AKA the Know Nothings were too. At the same time the Republicans were making great strides- the American Party AKA the Know Nothings were too. American Party: American Party: –Anti-Catholic, nativist –Prejudice and fear of immigrants taking jobs gave this party power –Kansas Nebraska Act split this party too and the Northern Know Nothings were absorbed into the Republican Party

The Election of 1856 √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

The Election of 1856 John C. Fremont: Republican nomination John C. Fremont: Republican nomination –Little political experience –Spoke in favor of Kansas becoming a free state James Buchanan: Democrat James Buchanan: Democrat –Served in congress for 20 years –American ambassador to Russia then Great Britain –Had not taken a stand on the issue (Kansas Nebraska) –His record showed that he had voted in favor of southern concessions to preserve the union Millard Fillmore: American Party Millard Fillmore: American Party –Tried to attract former Whigs Campaign was two separate contests: Campaign was two separate contests: –Buchanan v. Fremont (North) –Buchanan v. Fillmore (South)

Sectional Divisions Grow Sectional Divisions Grow Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 March 1857 Buchanan said the Supreme Court should decide the issue of slavery March 1857 Buchanan said the Supreme Court should decide the issue of slavery Southern members had “quietly” pressured members into ruling in favor of the south Southern members had “quietly” pressured members into ruling in favor of the south Scott was an enslaved man whose Missouri slaveholder had taken him to live in a free territory before returning to Missouri Scott was an enslaved man whose Missouri slaveholder had taken him to live in a free territory before returning to Missouri He sued and it went to the Supreme Court He sued and it went to the Supreme Court March 6, 1857 ruled against Scott claiming he was an African America therefore not a citizen and could not sue March 6, 1857 ruled against Scott claiming he was an African America therefore not a citizen and could not sue Decision further intensified the sectional conflict Decision further intensified the sectional conflict Democrats cheered Democrats cheered Republicans condemned Republicans condemned

~Kansas’s Lecompton Constitution Kansas was urged to apply for statehood Kansas was urged to apply for statehood Proslavery legislature scheduled an election for delegates to a constitutional convention Proslavery legislature scheduled an election for delegates to a constitutional convention Antislavery Kansas delegates boycotted it Antislavery Kansas delegates boycotted it The resulting constitution legalized slavery in the territory The resulting constitution legalized slavery in the territory Each side held its own referendum (popular vote) Each side held its own referendum (popular vote) Buchanan approved the proslavery vote and asked Congress to admit Buchanan approved the proslavery vote and asked Congress to admit –Senate accepted-HOR blocked it Allowed another referendum and decided if the constitution was voted down statehood would be delayed. Allowed another referendum and decided if the constitution was voted down statehood would be delayed. Kansas did not become a state until 1861 Kansas did not become a state until 1861

Lincoln and Douglas 1858 Illinois Republicans chose an unknown (Abraham Lincoln) to run for Senate against Democrat Stephen A. Douglas 1858 Illinois Republicans chose an unknown (Abraham Lincoln) to run for Senate against Democrat Stephen A. Douglas Douglas was a prominent man that drew large crowds Douglas was a prominent man that drew large crowds Lincoln needed to overcome Douglas’s fame so he proposed a series of debates to expose himself to larger audiences Lincoln needed to overcome Douglas’s fame so he proposed a series of debates to expose himself to larger audiences Lincoln-little experience, lawyer, state legislature, a single term in House of Reps. as a member of the Whig Party Lincoln-little experience, lawyer, state legislature, a single term in House of Reps. as a member of the Whig Party Not an abolitionist, believed slavery to be morally wrong and opposed the spread into w. territories Not an abolitionist, believed slavery to be morally wrong and opposed the spread into w. territories Gifted debater Gifted debater

Lincoln and Douglas: the debate for senate Lincoln Thought slavery to be morally wrong Thought slavery to be morally wrong Asked Douglas “if people of a territory could legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood” Asked Douglas “if people of a territory could legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood” Attacked Douglas’s claim that he cared not whether Kansans voted for or against slavery which denounced the “modern democratic idea that slavery is as good as freedom” Attacked Douglas’s claim that he cared not whether Kansans voted for or against slavery which denounced the “modern democratic idea that slavery is as good as freedom”Douglas Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine-he accepted Dred Scott decision, argued people could still keep slavery out by refusing to pass the laws needed to regulate and enforce it Freeport Doctrine-he accepted Dred Scott decision, argued people could still keep slavery out by refusing to pass the laws needed to regulate and enforce it “Slavery cannot exist anywhere… unless it is supported by police regulations” “Slavery cannot exist anywhere… unless it is supported by police regulations” Won the election Won the election

John Brown’s Raid John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry, 1859 Abolitionist Abolitionist Brown’s raid proved that slaveholders were not safe “Defend yourselves!”-Georgia senator Robert Toombs Brown’s raid proved that slaveholders were not safe “Defend yourselves!”-Georgia senator Robert Toombs Developed a plan to seize a federal arsenal, free and arm slaves and begin an insurrection against slaveholders Developed a plan to seize a federal arsenal, free and arm slaves and begin an insurrection against slaveholders Oct. 16, 1859 with 18 followers he seized the arsenal Oct. 16, 1859 with 18 followers he seized the arsenal Hours later he was faced with marines led by Robert E. Lee Hours later he was faced with marines led by Robert E. Lee He was captured, tried and sentenced to death He was captured, tried and sentenced to death

Review What new political party arose at the time of the election of 1854? What do they declare their intentions to be? Who were the know-nothings? Who won the election of 1856? Who was Dred Scott? Describe what happened to him. What was Kansas’s Lecompton Constitution? Describe John Brown’s Raid.