AP Biology Welcome to AP Biology  Agenda: 8/27/12  Registration  Student Info Sheets / Safety Contracts  Distribute Books  HW – Student Survey

AP Biology  Class Expectations found on Durango Website  Course Information, supplemental materials, AP test info go to  Online Textbook/Notes go to notes.org/Biology/Slides/Campbells_Biolog y_7th_Edition notes.org/Biology/Slides/Campbells_Biolog y_7th_Edition  NMSI Website – more to come

AP Biology Homework – Student Survey  On a separate sheet of paper please tell me about yourself in 1 page. Must include the following:  Interests/hobbies/family  Past Science courses  How you learn best / learning style  Goals for AP Biology  Goals for your future  Due Tomorrow!

AP Biology Welcome to AP Biology ~ Day 2  Agenda: 8/28/12  Collect Student Info Sheets / Safety Contracts  Distribute Books (if needed)  AP Bio / Chp.1 Overview  HW – Chp.2 Read & Review Questions  Quiz 1 will be this FRIDAY (8/31/12)  Covers review materials: Chp.1-3, Lab Safety, Scientific Method, Designing a Controlled Experiment

AP Biology AP Biology Test  Monday, May 14  sting/ap/biology/exam.html?biology sting/ap/biology/exam.html?biology

Course Break Down  Big Idea 1: Evolution The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.  Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and Communication Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.  Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information Transfer Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.  Big Idea 4: Interactions Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

AP Biology  Learning Objectives  Labs  Questions?

AP Biology Study of Life Themes

AP Biology Themes  Science as a process of inquiry  questioning & investigation  Evolution  Energy transfer  Continuity & Change  Relationship of structure to function  Regulation  Interdependence in nature  Science, technology & society

AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry

AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry  Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses

AP Biology Falsifiable  A hypothesis is falsifiable if you can design and perform and experiment to show you that it is wrong, if it is wrong (meaning, it can be tested).  EXAMPLES:  Falsifiable – Increasing the amount of water given to a plant will increase its growth  NOT Falsifiable –  Giving a plant more water will make it happier.

AP Biology Evolution  Core theme of biology Charles Darwin

AP Biology Natural selection  Evolutionary change is a product of the process of natural selection Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

AP Biology "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University ( )

AP Biology Evolution explains unity & diversity  Unity  what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist?  common biochemistry & physiology  evolutionary relationships  connected through common ancestor  Diversity  but why are there differences?  natural selection  adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

AP Biology

Organizing systems  Making sense out of the diversity  Hierarchical scheme Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

AP Biology 3 Domains of Life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya EukaryaBacteriaArchaea

AP Biology Energy transfer  Life is an open system  need input of energy  energy flows through  energy comes in, energy goes out  need a constant input  need input of materials  nutrients are recycled around & around ENTROPY RULES! DECOMPOSERS RULE, too! nutrients

AP Biology Energy utilization You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!

AP Biology Continuity & change  Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA  DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next You can make more, a lot like you! TRAITTRAIT

AP Biology Structure and function  The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology organism cell organelle organ

AP Biology Regulation  Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions  Homeostasis  achieve this through feedback  monitor the body like a thermostat  turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

AP Biology Interdependence in Nature  No organism is an island standing alone  communities, ecosystems

AP Biology Science, technology & society  Science & technology must function within the rules of society  ethics

AP Biology Themes  Science as a process of inquiry  questioning & investigation  Evolution  Energy transfer  Continuity & Change  Relationship of structure to function  Regulation  Interdependence in nature  Science, technology & society

AP Biology Why study themes of Biology?  Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge  too much to memorize it all  need to generalize  create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge  themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

AP Biology ANY QUESTIONS?

AP Biology Homework  Begin Week 1 Reading Assignment  Suggestion: Complete Chp.1, Start Chp.2  Complete Review Questions

AP Biology Agenda: 8/29/12  Collect any signature pages  Review safety features of lab  Review scientific method  Designing a controlled experiment  Homework

AP Biology Lab Safety Tour  Questions?

AP Biology The Scientific Method: Review 1. Statement of problem. 2. Observation: data collection. 3. Hypothesis: proposed explanation 4. Experimental testing. 5. Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.

AP Biology Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life  At the heart of science is inquiry  A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions  Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry  Discovery science  Hypothesis-based science

AP Biology Discovery Science  Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

AP Biology Data  Are recorded observations  Can be quantitative or qualitative Figure 1.24

AP Biology Induction in Discovery Science  In inductive reasoning  Scientists derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

AP Biology Hypothesis-Based Science  In science, inquiry that asks specific questions  Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses

AP Biology The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry  In science, a hypothesis  Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial  Makes predictions that can be tested

AP Biology  We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Figure 1.25

AP Biology A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry  A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities  It must be testable  It must be falsifiable "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, one single experiment can prove me wrong." --- Albert Einstein.

AP Biology Designing Controlled Experiments  Experiments must be designed to test  The effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables

AP Biology Theories in Science  A scientific theory  Is broad in scope  Generates new hypotheses  Is supported by a large body of evidence ***In order for a theory to be accepted, it must be consistent and repeatable by others.

AP Biology Designing a Controlled Experiment  Labs, Inquiry, and Lab Reports are a HUGE part of AP Biology  You will work with a partner in this activity to review the components of a controlled activity.  At the end, you will practice designing your own controlled experiment.  You will have class time today and tomorrow, Due Friday!

AP Biology Homework  Continue working on 1 st Week Reading Assignment ~ Due Friday!  Suggestion: Complete Chp.2, Start Chp.3  Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is FRIDAY

AP Biology Agenda: 8/30/12  Collect any signature pages  Feedback & Water movie clip  Continue working on “Designing a Controlled Experiment” with your partner – due tomorrow  Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is tomorrow! (1 st week reading assignment is due tomorrow)

AP Biology Homework  Finish “Designing a Controlled Experiment”  Finish 1 st Week Reading Assignment ~ Due TOMORROW!  Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method is tomorrow!

AP Biology Agenda:8/31/12  Quiz Chp.1-3 & Scientific Method  Finish “Designing a Controlled Experiment”  Review Data & Graphing  HW – Chp.4 (& beginning of 5) notes

AP Biology Data Tables & Graphing Review

AP Biology Working with DATA  When you work with data during an experiment, you need to:  Make accurate and precise measurements.  Account for error in measured values  Develop techniques and consistency for collecting data  Understand the units and properties of the data.  Make observations of trends and patterns in the data.  Produce visual representation of data, GRAPHS and CHARTS.

AP Biology Working with Data Continued  When you work with data during an experiment, you need to:  Use mathematical equations to model data.  Use mathematical models to make predictions of trends.  Test the fitness of models using regression of correlations and other statistical test.

AP Biology Introduction to Graphing Techniques

AP Biology Introduction to Graphing Techniques  Identify the independent and dependent variable.  The independent variable is carefully controlled and varied by a specific amount during an experiment. It is plotted on the x-axis.  The dependent variable must be measured every time the independent variable is changed during the experiment. It is plotted on the y-axis.  Choose your scale carefully (must be consistent intervals). Make your graph as large as possible by spreading out the data on each axis. Let each square grid on your axis represent a convenient interval. Do not number every grid on your axis.  Plot each point as a dark dot

AP Biology Intro to Graphing Techniques cont.  Label each axis with the name of the variable and the units of measure. Using a ruler, darken the lines representing the axis.  Use a pencil and a ruler when drawing the axis for your graph.  Title your graph. The title should be short and clearly state the purpose of the graph. The title could include the independent and dependent variables. General the titles are written as the y variable vs the x variable.  Use a single sheet of graph paper for each graph. Do not use the back of a sheet graph paper.  If you have more than one graph, number each graph in the upper right-hand corner.

AP Biology Introduction to Graphing Techniques

AP Biology Introduction to Graphing Techniques  Examine the position of your data points. Observe the pattern the data forms on the graph.  From the pattern the data makes on the graph, determine the type of relationship between the x and y variables.  Most times it will be best to use a smooth continuous line called a “best fit”line.

AP Biology Drawing a “best fit” line.  Your line should go through as many of the data points as possible. Use a ruler (if the line appears straight) and a sharp pencil to draw a best fit line.  When you draw your “best fit” line and the data points do not all fit on the line, draw the line so that there are equal numbers of data points above and below the line you draw. Try to draw the line so that it comes as close to all data points as possible.  This may result in a line that curves!  If it is logical for the data to go through the origin, take your best fit line all the way to the origin.  Draw your best fit line so that it goes a little past your last data point.

AP Biology

Direct Relationship

AP Biology Inverse Relationship

AP Biology Homework  Review Data Tables & Graphing powerpoint  On my.ccsd.net website  Chp.4 (& beginning of 5) Reading Assignment  Due Tuesday!!!