Take home message from Thursday  What is an ideology? A belief system that  Specifies the nature of the “good society” and  How to achieve it  Confucianism Ideal of social harmony through knowing one’s place  Superiors Moral exemplars Benevolent to inferiors Benevolent rulers enjoy legitimacy (mandate of heaven)  Inferiors Owe deference to superiors Discredited in context of Qing Dynasty’s failure to respond to  Internal challenges—economic development  External challenges—imperialism Revived in reform era to help legitimate contemporary CCP

From last class— Introduction of new ideologies in 20th C Searching for a new concept of  Good society  How to achieve it Marxism-Leninism Maoism Nationalism Liberalism

3 Marxism  Economy (material foundation) “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social (material) existence determines their consciousness.”  “Scientific” theory of the development of history Feudalism  Capitalism  Socialism  Communism  Class Based on relationship to means of production  In the case of capitalism Owners of capital Suppliers of labor (proletariat)  Class conflict Drives politics Logic of capitalist competition necessitates increasing exploitation of workers Mass of workers would eventually overthrow the few capitalists Note that socialism follows developed capitalism

4 Leninism  New kind of political party Bolshevik Party Conspiratorial, vanguard party  Leads nascent working class  Activists organize “in the workers’ interest” Democratic centralism  party discipline  Contributed analysis of imperialism as highest stage of capitalism

Leninist Parties  KMT and CCP both Leninist parties Organized with assistance from Comintern (Communist International)

6 Maoism Voluntarism  Where there’s a will there’s a way Mass mobilization Egalitarianism Self-reliance “Red” vs. “Expert” Revolutionary potential of the peasantry

7 Confucianism and Maoism  Mao rejected Confucianism, but notice: Cultivation of moral/political exemplars  “Redness” not “expertise” Will/Voluntarism  Idea that “the key to effective action lies in first transforming the hearts of men” comes from the Confucian tradition.  Un-Marxist

Nationalism  Defined A doctrine that holds that the nation should command the first loyalty of its people A movement to achieve a strong and independent nation A sense of common identity and common fate shared by members of the nation—often in opposition to some “other” outside reference group

9 Bianco Reading  What is Bianco’s argument in “Nationalism and Revolution”? What leads to the rise of nationalism in China?  Examples? What is the political response to the rise of nationalism?

10 Bianco Reading  Imperialism  nationalism  revolution

Nationalism  Rise of nationalism in early 20 th C Popular movement Important to platform of emerging political parties

KMT and the CCP Compete to create the new political order to take up the mantle of nationalism 12

13 Nationalist Party (founded 1912) KMT kuo-min-tang 国民党 guomindang  Sun Yat-sen  Nationalist ideology  “Three People’s Principles”  Nationalism Democracy People’s livelihood

14 Chinese Communist Party (founded 1921) CCP 共产党 gongchandang  Marxism-Leninism Radical, egalitarian Emphasis on  Social transformation  National self- determination  importance of nationalism in CCP platform/agenda CCP co-founder Chen Duxiu

15 New socio-economic context facilitates rise of nationalism  Mass participation Urbanization  especially Shanghai Literacy  use of vernacular ( 白话 baihua) Media  newspapers, magazines  Fostered national awareness, identity New Youth

16 Chinese nationalism  Following upon a “century of humiliation”  How to make China Wealthy Strong Free from foreign domination?

17 Nationalist movement develops  May 4, 1919 May 4 th Movement Student protests Merchant boycotts Labor strikes  May 30, 1925 General strike in Shanghai

Fate of liberalism  Chinese disillusionment with “the West” Example  US Pres. Wilson WWI rhetoric “self-determination of peoples” Discredited by Treaty of Versailles

19 Bianco Reading  Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?

20 Bianco Reading  Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?  National resistance to Japan  Mobilization of peasantry

Segue to peasant movement  Mao Revolutionary potential of peasantry Contrast to orthodox Marxist theory Mao’s home in Hunan

Mao Zedong, Report on Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, 1927 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PEASANT PROBLEM During my recent visit to Hunan, I made a first-hand investigation of conditions in five counties… Many of the hows and whys of the peasant movement were the exact opposite of what the gentry in Hankow and Changsha are saying. All talk directed against the peasant movement must be speedily set right. All the wrong measures taken by the revolutionary authorities concerning the peasant movement must be speedily changed. Only thus can the future of the revolution be benefited. For the present upsurge of the peasant movement is a colossal event. In a very short time, in China's central, southern and northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves. Every revolutionary party and every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide. There are three alternatives. To march at their head and lead them? To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing? Or to stand in their way and oppose them? Every Chinese is free to choose, but events will force you to make the choice quickly.

Video clip  Video clip (4, 23:53-28:00) China: A Century of Revolution  Part I: China in Revolution, produced in 1989

24 Small Group Exercise Perry, Challenging the Mandate of Heaven “Predators and Protectors” Perry analyzes the rebellious tradition of the Chinese peasantry. Peasants seek strategies of survival in a harsh natural and political environment. QUESTION: What types of peasants are most likely to adopt predatory strategies? protective strategies? Provide examples of each strategy. What are the sources that Perry draws on? QUESTION: Are these peasant strategies targeted at overthrowing the state?

25 Small Group Exercise Perry, Challenging the Mandate of Heaven “Predators and Protectors” “The poor peasant who joined up with a marauding bandit army was the least tied to this survival strategy. His allegiance was short-lived and purely pragmatic.” (p. 20) “…all a far cry from an attack upon either the personnel or the structure of state authority.” (p. 21)

26 CCP strategically tapped the rebellious tradition of the peasantry  Tapped tradition of peasant rebellion CCP peasant organizing  initial rural policies—very extreme; appeal to poorest  Later rural policies—more moderate; appeal to multiple strata of peasantry CCP redirected rebellion toward revolutionary goals through ideology and organization

27 Recall our earlier discussion of Bianco Reading  Which political party has the most successful nationalist appeal, according to Bianco? Why?  National resistance to Japan  Mobilization of peasantry

28 Phases of Chinese Communist Movement in Countryside  Peasant movement (1920s)  “Soviet” base areas (1927 ff) Radical land reform  Confiscate land from landlords, Executions of landlords  Redistribute land  War of Resistance Against Japan ( ) Moderate land reform  Reduce land rents  Shift tax burden to landlords away from peasants  Mutual aid—share tools, draft animals  Civil War ( ) CCP used base of peasant support to defeat KMT

29 “Soviet” base era and Anti-Japanese resistance era separated by “Long March” Long March ( ) CCP arrived in Yan’an (new base)

30 Liu Shaoqi Organizing Anti-Japanese Resistance

31 Anti-Japanese Resistance

32 Critique of Bianco: makes CCP sound like the Knights of the Round Table  Repression in CCP mobilization Organizational techniques  Developed propaganda apparatus grassroots mobilizing  Developed repressive measures 1942 “Rectification Campaign”  Darker side of Yan’an  Criticism of party restricted  Thought reform  Struggle sessions (Criticism & Self criticism)

Wrap-up  Today Develop theme of nationalism  Bianco: “Nationalism and Revolution”  Also, what happened to Liberalism? Introduce theme of revolutionary change  Perry on the Chinese peasantry Rebellious tradition of peasantry Predatory vs. protective strategies of peasant survival Primary source  Mao, “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” In lecture: how did the CCP mobilize peasant support?

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