Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization

Population World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Population Growth over 2,000 Years

Changes in Population Changes occur as a result of three processes: Fertility (births) Mortality (deaths) Migration

Two types of movement: Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth in the World’s Population

Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900Rank1997 Influenza /pneumonia 1Heart disease Tuberculosis2Cancer Intestinal disease3Stroke Heart disease4Chronic lung disease Cerebral hemorrhage5Accidents

Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900Rank1997 Kidney disease6 Pneumonia and influenza Accidents7Diabetes Cancer8HIV Diseases in early infancy 9Suicide Diphtheria10Homicide

Population Composition Sex ratio –The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population Age-sex pyramid –A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population Lower-income nations are wide at the bottom

Polling Question There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. A. Strongly agree B. Agree somewhat C. Unsure D. Disagree somewhat E. Strongly disagree

Population Composition The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population. –A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population. –A number greater than 100, indicates there are more males than females; if it is less than 100, there are more females than males.

Theories of Population Growth The Malthusian Perspective The Marxist Perspective The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Demographic Transition Theory

Malthusian Perspective If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …). The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4...).

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How Much Food Does the World Produce per Person

Marxist Perspective Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. People should be encouraging zero population growth.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial Early Industrial Advanced Industrial Post Industrial Birth Death Population Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial EarlyIndustrial Advanced Industrial Post Industrial Birth Death Population Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial Early IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial Post Industrial Birth Death Population Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial Early Industrial Advanced IndustrialPostIndustrial Birth Death Population Demographic Transition Theory

Development of a City Three preconditions: A favorable physical environment. An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models Concentric zone model Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, characterized by a particular land use. Multiple nuclei model Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs and activities.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models Sector model Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes, with the most expensive areas occupying the best terrain.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s 22 Megacities

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How Urban Is Your State? The Rural-Urban Makeup of the United States

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Population Growth,

Urbanization –From City to City –Between Cities –Within the City –From City to Suburb –Smaller Centers The Rural Rebound © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Global Boom: Cities with over One Million Residents

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Urban Growth and Urban Flight