Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles Chapter 16 Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone) Protects the spinal cord Connects brain to nerves in body
16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates Have endoskeletons (internal skeletons) Gives shape to body Supports body Made of living tissue so it grows with the body
16-1 What is a Vertebrates? Vertebrates Belong to the phylum Chordata Some time during their lives they have 3 characteristics Nerve Cord Hollow tube near animals back Notochord Long flexible support rod that runs through part of animals body Throat with gill slits Allows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out while in water
16-1 What is a Vertebrates?
16-1 What is a Vertebrate Vertebrates Coldblooded Warmblooded Ectotherms Rely on environments for heat Fish, amphibians, reptiles Warmblooded Endotherms Maintain their body temperature Birds and mammals
16-2 Fish First Fish First appeared about 540 million years ago in fossil record No jaws Body covered by bony plates First animals to have vertebral column
16-2 Fish Fish Water dwelling vertebrates that are characterized by scales, fins, and throats with gill slits (all fish) Not all fish have these characteristics Sturgeon have no scales
16-2 Fish Fish Most fish have fins Vary in structure and function Can have paired fins or single fins Can be used to stay upright or steer Large tail fin moves side to side to move
16-2 Fish Fish Eat just about anything Have a closed circulatory system Excretory system gives off ammonia Have well developed nervous system Eyes Good sense of smell and taste
16-2 Fish Fish Most species males and females are separate individuals Males produce sperm, females produce eggs Some species are born male and develop into females Most have external fertilization
16-2 Fish Jawless Fishes Most primitive Lack scales and fins also Skeletons are made of cartilage Eellike bodies
16-2 Fish Lampreys Only species of jawless fish alive Suction-cup mouth with teeth Attaches to animals and scrapes away skin Eats body fluids
16-2 Fish Hagfishes Considered most primitive vertebrate today Wormlike body with 4-6 short tentacles extended from its mouth Feeds on dead or dying fish
16-2 Fish Cartilaginous Fish Sharks, rays, skates, sawfish, and chimaeras Skeletons made of cartilage
16-2 Fish Sharks Top predator of the oceans Have up to 3000 teeth In rows First 2 rows are for feeding rest are for replacement
16-2 Fish Skates and Rays Flat bodies 2 large broad fins Most live on ocean bottom Some have poison spines on tail
16-2 Fish Bony Fish Skeleton is made of hard bones Bones are small Most Travel in groups Schools
16-2 Fish Bony Fish Most have paired fins Fins are supported by rays Ray finned fish Lobe finned fish Fins have fleshy base and leglike bones
16-2 Fish Bony Fish Have a swim bladder Extremely adapted Gas filled sac that let fish float in water Extremely adapted Electric Eel Produces up to 650 volts Remora Attaches to sharks and cleans them
16-2 Fish Bony Fish Adaptations Flounder Babies hatch with an eye on both sides of its head Adults have both eyes on one side of its head Lays on bottom and can see Can also change color
16-2 Fish Bony Fish Adaptations Lantern Fish and Angler Fish Live 300-700 meters deep Have light emitting organs to attract fish Mudskippers Can walk on land with their fins Breath through its skin
16-3 Amphibians Amphibians Vertebrates that are fishlike and that breathe through gills when immature Live on land and breathe through lungs and moist skin as adults Skin contains many glands, lack scales and claws
16-3 Amphibians Amphibians Appeared about 360 million years ago Eggs lack had outer shells If not placed in water they will dry out Double loop closed circulatory system HeartLungsHeartBodyHeart
16-3 Amphibians Amphibians Well developed execratory system Well developed nervous system Large eyes Large brain
16-3 Amphibians Amphibians External fertilization Metamorphosis Tadpole Tail and head Adult Legs
16-3 Amphibians Frogs and Toads Hibernation Body activity slows down Frogs bury themselves beneath the mud during winter Toads bury themselves below the frost line
16-3 Amphibians Frogs and Toads Toads usually have poisons Located behind the eye or on the back Makes attackers sick or die
16-3 Amphibians Salamanders and Newts Keep their tails for entire life Not able to jump Live in moist areas For reproduction To breathe
16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Vertebrates that have lungs, scaly skin, cold blooded, and a special type of egg Snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs (extinct)
16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles First appeared about 300 million years ago Large, fat, short legged animals Looked like cross between a lizard and a toad
16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Skin Tough, dry, thick layer of scales Made out of substance that makes fingernails Waterproof Shed their skin
16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Double loop circulatory system Nervous system like amphibians Brain is better developed Well developed respiratory system
16- 4 Reptiles Reptiles Internal fertilization Eggs Surrounded by protective shell Prevents drying out Flexible but tough (like leather)
16- 4 Reptiles Lizards Typically have slender bodies, movable eyelids, long tails, four legs, and clawed toes Range from 3 cm (geckos) to 4.5 m (monitors)
16- 4 Reptiles Lizards Mostly eat insects Defense Waits and strikes with mouth Defense Color change Shed tail Will grow back
16- 4 Reptiles Snakes Lizards that have lost their limbs, eyelids, and ears Move by wriggling long, thin, muscular bodies Scales help to grip the ground Good swimmers
16- 4 Reptiles Snakes Feeding Eat small animals Able to detect heat Can taste the air with tongue Can dislocate their jaw Some produce poisons Injected by fangs
16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles Turtles Reptiles whose bodies are enclosed in a shell Plates of bone covered by scales Some are soft (leather back) Some can hold up to 200 times their own weight
16- 4 Reptiles Turtles Have beaks similar to birds Diet Most eat plants Some eat animals by lures
16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles
16- 4 Reptiles Alligators and Crocodiles Large meat-eating reptiles Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed mammals Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored skin Build nests of mud and plants for eggs Most species guard their nests
16- 4 Reptiles Alligators Have broad rounded snouts When mouth is closed only a few teeth are visible Do not usually attack Grow to a max of about 13 ft
16- 4 Reptiles Crocodiles Have narrow pointed snouts When mouth is closed all teeth show Very aggressive Can grow to nearly 20 ft
16- 4 Reptiles Freshwater Crocodile
16- 4 Reptiles Saltwater Crocodile
16- 4 Reptiles Saltwater Crocodile