Chapter 4: Fundamentals of JavaScript 4.1 Capabilities 4.2 Essential Terminology 4.3 Structure of JavaScript Code 4.4 Data and Objects 4.5 Tokens, Operators, Expressions, and Statements 4.6 The JavaScript math Object 4.7 Comparison Operators and Decision-Making Structures 4.8 Loop Structures 4.9 Using JavaScript to Change Values in Form Fields

4.1 Capabilities of JavaScript Manage input and output. Manage input and output. Permit information to be manipulated in a symbolic way, independent of how a particular computer stores that information internally. Permit information to be manipulated in a symbolic way, independent of how a particular computer stores that information internally. Perform arithmetic operations on numbers. Perform arithmetic operations on numbers. Perform operations on and with strings of characters. Perform operations on and with strings of characters. Make decisions based on comparing values. Make decisions based on comparing values. Perform repetitive calculations. Perform repetitive calculations.

4.2 Some Essential Terminology expression a group of tokens and operators identifier a name associated with a variable, object or function keyword a word with a specific meaning in a programming language literal an actual value embedded in a script operator a token that symbolizes a mathematical or other operation program a series of interpreted or compiled statements reserved word a word that might become part of a language script a series of JavaScript statements statement a command that changes outcomes in a program token an indivisible lexical unit in a programming language variable a place in memory that holds data, represented by a unique identifier

4.3 JavaScript Statements Usually embedded inside script tags. Built from tokens. Each statement should terminate with a semicolon. Statements are "free format" and can appear anywhere on a line. Multiple statements on a line are allowed if each is terminated with a semicolon. Statement blocks begin and end with curly brackets: { statements go here… } Comments: // single line comments /* Multiple line comments cannot be nested one inside another. */

Data and Objects All information in JavaScript is associated with a data type, either explicitly or implicitly. Each data type is stored differently and each is associated with a specific set of allowed operations. Variables serve as data "containers." Each "container" is given a symbolic name (its identifier). When done explicitly, this is called a "data declaration." JavaScript data declarations are done explicitly with the var keyword. JavaScript is a "weakly typed" language. You aren't required to do explicit variable declarations, and data types can be changed during a script, "on the fly." A JavaScript identifier reserves a place in memory for a variable, but does not dictate the type of the data. You can change not only the value of the contents whenever you want, but also the data type. That is, JavaScript will infer data type based on the contents of a variable "container." You cannot do this in languages such as Fortran and C!! JavaScript supports three basic data types ("primitives") – numbers, strings of characters, and boolean (true or false). JavaScript variable names are always case-sensitive.

Literals In the statements name="Professor Wonderful"; and pi=3.14; the values on the right are literals – a string literal in the first case and a numeric literal in the second.. You should avoid using literals in your code. It is better to assign literal values to a variable with an identifier.

Objects and Methods In plain language, an "object" is a "thing" that has properties and can do things. A ball is an object. It has a size and a color. It can roll and bounce, etc. Languages such as JavaScript have "objects." These objects have properties ( document.lastModifed ) and methods document.write() ) that define what can be done by and to them.

The and Methods The prompt() and alert() Methods We will use these two methods for now to minimize interactions with HTML. Document 4.1 (circle.htm) var radius=prompt("Give the radius of a circle: "); var area=Math.PI*radius*radius; alert("The area of the circle with radius="+radius+ " is "+area+".");

Some String Methods (just a few) (See Table 4.2.) charAt(n) "HTML".charAt(3); returns a value of L. concat( {two or more string arguments} ) var s="I".concat(" love"," HTML."); s has value I love HTML. substr(m[,len]) excel.substr(0,5); returns a value of excel. excel.substr(2); returns a value of cel. toLowerCase() var h="HTML"; h=h.toLowerCase(); replaces h with the new value html.

JavaScript's Operators Table 4.3. JavaScript’s arithmetic operators. OperatorSymbolExamplesPrecedence Addition Subtraction -z – 10 2 Multiplication *a*b 1 Division /z/ modulus (remainder) % 17%3 (= 2), 16.6%2.7 (=0.4) 1 var a=3,b=4,c=5; var x,y; x=a+b*c; // has a value of 23 y=(a+b)*c; // has as value of 35

The JavaScript Assignment Operator The JavaScript assignment operator is the "equals" sign ( = ). The assignment operator is NOT the same as the "equality" sign from mathematics. The meaning of the assignment operator is: “Evaluate the expression on the right side of the assignment operator and assign the result to the identifier on the left side of the assignment operator.” In algebra, x=a+b and a+b=x are equivalent. In JavaScript, only x=a+b; is allowed. In algebra, x=x+1 makes no sense at all, but in JavaScript, x=x+1; is a perfectly reasonable statement. Only an identifier can appear on the left side of the assignment operator in a JavaScript statement.

Shorthand Arithmetic/Assignment Operators Table 4.4. Shorthand arithmetic/assignment operators. OperatorImplementationInterpretation +=x+=y;x=x+y; -=x-=y;x=x-y; *=x*=y;x=x*y; /=x/=y;x=x/y; %=x%=y;x=x%y; ++x++; or ++x;x=x+1; --y--; or --y;x=x-1;

The Math Object – Properties PropertyDescription Math.E Base of the natural logarithm, e, Math.LN2 Natural logarithm of 2, Math.LN10 Natural logarithm of 10, Math.LOG2E Log to the base 2 of e, Math.LOG10E Log to the base 10 of e, Math.PI π, Math.SQRT1_2 Square root of ½, Math.SQRT2 Square root of 2,

The Math Object – Methods MethodReturns Math.abs(x) Absolute value of x Math.acos(x) Arc cosine of x, ±π, for -1≤x≤1 Math.asin(x) Arc sine of x, ±π/2, for -1≤x≤1 Math.atan(x) Arc tangent of x, ±π/2, for -∞<x<∞ (compare with Math.atan2(y,x) ) Math.atan2(y,x) Arc tangent of angle between x-axis and the point (x,y), measured counterclockwise (compare with Math.atan(x) ) Math.ceil(x) Smallest integer greater than or equal to x Math.cos(x) Cosine of x, ±1 Math.exp(x) e to the x power (e x ) Math.floor(x) Greatest integer less than or equal to x Math.log(x) Natural (base e) logarithm of x, x>0 Math.max(x,y) Greater of x or y Math.min(x,y) Lesser of x or y Math.pow(x,y) x to the y power (x y ) Math.random() Random real number in the range [0,1] Math.round(x) x rounded to the nearest integer Math.sin(x) Sine of x Math.sqrt(x) Square root of x Math.tan(x) Tangent of x, ±∞

Some Details… Base 10 log of x: Math.log(x)/Math.log(10); or, using the Math.LN10 property, Math.log(x)/Math.LN10; Math.round(Math.random()*(n-m))+m; with (Math) { {statements that refer to properties and/or methods of the Math object for example,} var x=sin(.197); }

Using the Object Using the Math Object Document 4.3 ( mathFunctions2.htm ) Demonstration of the Math object. for (var i=1; i<=10; i++) with (Math) { var x=floor(100*random()%1))+1; document.write(x+" "+sqrt(x)+" "+ pow(x,3)+" "); }

Relational and Logical Operators OperatorInterpretationMath Symbol PrecedenceExampleValue Relational < less than <2 -3.3<0true > greater than >2 17.7>17.5false >= greater than or equal to ≥2 17.7>=17.7true <= less than or equal to ≤2 17.6<=17.7true == equal to, allowing for type conversion =3 9=="9"true === equal to, with no type conversion =3 9=="9" "a"==="a" false true != not equal to, allowing for type conversion ≠3 9!="8" 9!="9" true false !== not equal to, with no type conversion ≠3 9!="9"true Logical && AND 4 (x==3)&&(y<0) || OR5 (x==3)||(z==4) ! NOT1*1* !(x==3)

Constructs if… then… else… Constructs if ( {an expression. If true, statements are executed}) { {statements here} } // optionally else if ( {an expression. If true, statements are executed}) { {statements here} } // optionally, more else if statements // optionally else { {statements here} }

Using an Statement Using an if… Statement Only the first branch of an if statement for which the expression evaluates as true will be taken. Document 4.4 ( grades.htm ) Get letter grade var grade=prompt("What is your numerical grade?"); document.write("For a numerical grade of "+grade+ ", your letter grade is "); if (grade >= 90) document.write("A"); else if (grade >= 80) document.write("B"); else if (grade >= 70) document.write("C"); else if (grade >= 60) document.write("D"); else document.write("F"); document.write(".");

Potential Problems with Statement Potential Problems with if… Statement “If today is Tuesday or Thursday, I should be in class.” if ((today == "Tuesday") || (today == "Thursday")) ??? What happens if this expression is rewritten as (today == "Tuesday" || "Thursday") // don't do it! An alternate version of the original expression, without the two inner sets of parentheses is: // poor style! (today == "Tuesday" || today == "Thursday") ??? What happens if… if ((today = "Tuesday") || (today = "Thursday"))

The Construct The switch() Construct From Document 4.6 (daysInMonth.htm) var month=prompt("Give month (1-12): "); switch (month) { case "1": case "3": case "5": case "7": case "8": case "10": case "12": alert("There are 31 days in this month."); break; case "4": case "6": case "9": case "11": alert("There are 30 days in this month."); break; case "2": alert("There are either 28 or 29 days in this month."); break; default: alert("I do not understand your month entry."); }