6-1 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Chapter 6 Managing Stress and Time Management: A Skills Approach, 2/e by Phillip L. Hunsaker Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall

6-2 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Learning Objectives Awareness of Symptoms of Stress Identify Causes of Stress Reduce Causes of Stress Develop Resiliency to Stress Reduce Stress Symptoms Focus on High Priority Goals Help Subordinates Manage Stress

6-3 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Stress at Work Today’s work environment is increasingly characterized by heavier work loads, longer work hours, fewer resources, more ambiguities, and less job security. Almost half of the workers in the United States characterize their jobs as highly stressful. Over one-third think the stress Is bad enough to warrant quitting.

6-4 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall What is Stress? Stress Stress – the body’s psychological, emotional, and physiological response to any demand that is perceived as threatening to a person’s well-being

6-5 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Origins of the Stress Response? Stressors Threatening Environmental Conditions Reactions Fight or Flight

6-6 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Why is Managing Stress Important? Organizational Costs Individual Costs Health Impairment Job Burnout Performance Decline

6-7 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Individual Costs of Too Much Stress Health Impairment Job Burnout Performance Decline

6-8 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Job Burnout Feeling of exhaustion that develops when a person experiences too much pressure and too few sources of satisfaction

6-9 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Relationship Between Stress and Job Performance Relationship Between Stress and Job Performance

6-10 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall What Skills Are Needed to Cope with Stress? Becoming Aware of Negative Stress Symptoms Determining the Sources Doing Something Constructive

6-11 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Model of the Stress Management Process Model of the Stress Management Process Potential Stressors Personal Factors Family problems Financial problems Health problems Organizational Factors High stress occupation Job role Overload Under-utilization Role ambiguity Role conflict Responsibility for others Job Environment Poor working conditions Organizational politics Poor work relationships Environmental Factors Economic Uncertainty Technological Change Politics Consequences Psychological Heart Disease Ulcers Headaches Emotional Anxiety Depression Burnout Behavioral Aggression Productivity Avoidance Successful Coping High self esteem Goal accomplishment Feeling of well being Stress Management Individual Seek help Time management Change jobs Build resiliency Personality Companionship Experience Health (Exercise, diet) Relaxation Recreation Organizational Job Design Selection & Placement Training & Mentoring Team Building Employee Assistance Communicating Wellness Promotion Experienced Stress (SYMPTOM AWARENESS)

6-12 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall How Can Awareness of Stress Symptoms Be Enhanced? Physical Symptoms Psychological Substitutes

6-13 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Checklist of Stress Symptoms Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always Constant fatigue[][] [] [] [] Low energy level[][] [] [] [] Recurring headaches[][] [] [] [] Gastrointestinal disorders[][] [] [] [] Bad breath[][] [] [] [] Sweaty hands or feet[][] [] [] [] Dizziness[][] [] [] [] High blood pressure[][] [] [] [] Pounding heart[][] [] [] []

6-14 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall How Can Stressors Be Identified? Major Organizational Stressors High-Stress Occupations Job Role Interpersonal Relationships

6-15 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Life Change Units Scale RankLife Event Mean ValuePersonal Points 1. Death of spouse 100 ___ 2. Divorce73 ___ 3. Separation from mate65 ___ 4. Detention in jail or other institution63 ___ 5. Death of close family member63 ___ 6. Major personal injury or illness53 ___ 7. Marriage50 ___ 8. Fired at work47 ___ 9. Reconciliation with mate45 ___ 10. Retirement from work45 ___ 11. Major change in health of family 44 ___ 12. Pregnancy40 ___ 13. Sex difficulties39 ___ 14. Gain new family member 39 ___

6-16 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Major Personal Stressors Family Problems Financial Problems Health Problems Personality

6-17 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Economic Uncertainty Political Uncertainties Technological Change Major Environmental Stressors

6-18 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Constructive Individual Coping Strategies To Reduce Stress? Seeking Help Managing Time Planning

6-19 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Determine Your Values Determine Your Goals and Objectives Prioritize Your Objectives Organize List Activities Prioritize Activities Planning To Reduce Stress?

6-20 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Scheduling Activities To Reduce Stress? Horizontal Scheduling Vertical Scheduling Directing and Controlling

6-21 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Methods for Dealing with Procrastination ENVIRONMENTAL REASONSPOTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Unpleasant taskDo it first thing. Find someone else to do it. Overwhelming tasksDivide and conquer by breaking it into smaller pieces. Ride the momentum. Once you get going, keep at it. Unclear goalAsk for clarification. Clarify your own goals. Unclear task flowAsk for clarification. Plan how to do it yourself.

6-22 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Time Management To Reduce Stress? Constantly Ask: What is the most effective use of my time right now?

6-23 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Capitalize on Your Productivity Cycle Avoid Procrastinating Minimize Disruptions Meeting Management Delegate To Reduce Stress? Individual Coping Strategies To Reduce Stress?

6-24 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall Reduce Stress? More Individual Coping Strategies To Reduce Stress? Changing Jobs Develop Resiliency Internal Locus of Control Reframing Small-wins Develop Hardiness High Self-Esteem Extroversion

6-25 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall To Reduce Stress? More Individual Coping Strategies To Reduce Stress? Social Support Health Maintenance Short-term, Emotion- Focused Strategies Relaxation Recreation

6-26 Copyright © 2005 Prentice-Hall o Reduce Stress? Organizational Coping Strategies to Reduce Stress? Job Redesign Selection and Placement Training Team Building Work/Family Programs Open Communication Employee Assistance Programs Mentoring Wellness Promotion