* As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system. * The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: * 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) * 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) * 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

* Archaebacteria * Eubacteria * Protista * Fungi * Plantae * Animalia * Viruses: Are they living? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

* Virus- a microscopic particle made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins surrounding by a protein coating (capsule) * 100% of viruses are pathogenic, meaning they cause disease!!!! * Parasitic as they are dependent on host for replication * Lytic Cycle Lytic Cycle

* ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK ON VIRUSES!!! * Vaccines: * Used as PREVENTION, NOT A CURE! * Only useful against viruses that do not mutate and evolve (change) rapidly. * HIV, common cold viruses and flu virus- DNA mutates rapidly. No permanent vaccine!

* 30 million + people have the disease, highly prevalent in Africa * Is a retrovirus (synthesizes DNA from RNA, reverse of DNA to RNA * Infects T cells – cells of immune system that control the entire immune process * Can lie dormant in our DNA for 10 years +

* Common cold * Chicken pox * Measles * Rabies * Rubella * Mumps * Influenza (flu) * Small pox * Hepatitis * Yellow fever * Ebola

* Kingdom Eubacteria * Common environments * Gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts * Have peptidoglycan in cell walls * Kingdom Archaebacteria * Found in extreme environments * Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells * No peptidoglycan in cell walls

* Relative Size Relative Size * Shapes: * Cocci- round * Bacilli- rod-shaped * Spirilla- spiral

* Interior structures * Has DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes * Exterior structures * Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion * Pilli – used to ‘stick’ to surfaces * Cell membrane to control what goes in and out * Cell wall for protection

* Gram negative (-) * Not affected by antibiotics (E. coli) * Two thin layers make up cell wall * Doesn’t hold purple stain so appears pink * Gram positive (+) * Are affected by antibiotics * Thick cell wall * Holds purple stain, so cells look purple Holds true only for eubacteria as archeabacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

* Binary fission- bacteria’s process of reproduction where 1 becomes 2. * Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube. * Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.

* How do bacteria“eat”? 1.) Autotrophic- Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic 2.) Heterotrophic- *Consumers *Decomposers *Parasites

* Beneficial Bacteria * Decomposers * Nitrogen fixers * Food * Drugs -- insulin production * Clean up oil spills * Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own * Pathogenic- Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%! * Disease Transmission: * Water * Air * Food * Human/Animal/Insect Contact

* Tuberculosis * Syphilis * Bubonic Plague * Typhus * Tetanus * Lyme Disease

* Antibiotics * Antibiotic resistance * Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants * Freezing * Cooking * Pasteurizing * Dehydrating * Vaccination

* Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.

* The ‘junk-drawer’ kingdom! * There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists * Most are unicellular and some are multicellular * Are eukaryotic * Some maintain a cell wall * Some are beneficial and some are harmful * Amebic dysentery * African Sleeping Sickness * Malaria

* Protists can be heterotrophs or autotrophs * Some move by pseudopods (fake feet) or by flagellum (whip-like structure) or by cilia (hair-like structures)

* The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. * Heterotrophic- break down dead organic material and continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

* All fungi are eukaryotic * They may be unicellular or multicellular * All fungi have a cell wall made of chitin Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

* Fungi can be very helpful and delicious * Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi * Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! Penicillin

* Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot Ringworm

* Fungi are stationary * They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

* Multicellular autotrophs * Cell walls of cellulose * complex carbohydrate * Acquire energy by photosynthesis * Chloroplasts with chlorophyll * Chlorophyll reflects green part of visual spectrum

Main Groups: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular

* Simplest of all land dwelling plants * Nonvascular (no “veins”)- lack an internal means for water transportation * Do not produce seeds or flowers -fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. * Lack a woody tissue necessary for support and so are relatively short

* Internal transportation system enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues * Cambium - cell division for xylem & phloem Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an embryo of the new plant

* Shoot system * Stem & branches * Leaves * Nodes & internodes * Reproductive structures * Root system * Primary roots * Branch roots

* Growth at meristems * Apical meristem * ”primary” growth (length) * Lateral meristem = vascular cambium * “secondary” growth (girth)

* Plant Tropisms Phototrophism - growth toward light

* Plant Tropisms Gravitropism – downward growth of roots

* Plant Tropisms - Thigmotropism – plants response when it comes into contact with a solid object.

* General life cycle of sexually reproducing species. General life cycle of sexually reproducing species * Fertilization (zygote, embyro, adult, 2n) * Meiosis (gametes, eggs/sperm, 1n)

* Diploid sporophyte * Haploid gametophyte * multicellular * specialized cells become sperm or egg

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* Plants often reproduce asexually * runners, * rhizomes, * tubers * roots form new shoots * fragmentation (willow) * Used by nurseries to propagate varieties * ornamental plants (roses) * fruit trees (apple, etc.)

Animalia Kingdom All animals are: -Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Criteria for Animal Classification * Skeletal Characteristics * Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton * Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

* Kingdom * Phylum * Class * Order * Family * Genus * Species Major phylums of animals are…

* Porifera Multicellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them. * Sponges

* Cnidarians: Soft-bodied, jelly-like animals with tentacles and venom glands. Includes: Hydra, Jellyfish, Anemones, and Coral. Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers... Their stinger is called a nematocyst

* Mollusks Soft-bodied animals that sometimes have a hard shell * Clamps, oysters * Snails, slugs * Octopi, squid

* Platyhelminthes Soft, flat-bodied worms * Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria * Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch Human liver fluke

* Annelids Segmented worms * Worms & leeches

* Echinoderms Often spiny animals, with several "arms" reaching out from the center of its body * Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

* Arthropods “Jointed legged" animals. Have an exoskeleton, meaning the skeleton is on the outside of the body * Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

* Chordates all other animals that have a backbone of some form