ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART B Basic Chemistry

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain carbon  Most are covalently bonded  Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant inorganic compounds  Vital properties  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent properties  Chemical reactivity  Cushioning

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water: Hydrogen Bonds  Cohesion – water sticks to itself

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water: Hydrogen Bonds  Adhesion – water sticks to other things

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Can release detectable hydrogen ions  Bases  Proton acceptors  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers: chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides – simple sugars  Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12a–b PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates POLYSACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12c PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Living things use carbohydrates for:  Building blocks and energy  The simplest type of carb.=monosaccharide.  Dehydration synthesis reaction: When 2 or more monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide or a polysaccharide.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Disaccharide: A sugar molecule created when two and only two simple sugars (monosaccharides) combine.  Ex. Sucrose (table sugar).  Polysaccharide: A sugar molecule created when more than two monosaccharides combine.  Ex. Starch, glycogen, cellulose. hem/255chemistry.htm

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Starch: used as food storage in plants. Contains highly branched chains of glucose subunits.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Glycogen: Food storage molecule for mammals. Similar to starch but more highly branched.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Cellulose: Forms plant cell walls, used for support. Glucose subunits hooked together like a chain-linked fence.  See p. 163 Fig

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water LIPIDS ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body 1. Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Found in fat deposits  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued) 2. Phospholipids  Form cell membranes 3. Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.14a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Fats  Saturated Fats: No double bonds (all single bonds) between the carbons of the fatty acid chain.  Saturated with Hydrogen  Ex. Steak fat, butter fat, usually solid.  Unsaturated Fats: Contain double bonds between the carbons of the fatty acid chain.  Doesn’t have as many hydrogen b/c of double bonds = NOT SATURATED WITH HYDROGENS!  Ex. Vegetable oil, peanut fat, usually liquid.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saturated V/S Unsaturated Fats

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Animations  Click below to explore the levels of protein structure INTRODUCTION TO PROTEIN STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: PRIMARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: SECONDARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: TERTIARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: QUATERNARY STRUCTURE PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provides for construction materials for body tissues  Plays a vital role in cell function  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: ENZYME ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  Act as (are) biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.17

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How enzymes work..  Enzymes and substrates behave as a “lock and key” Lock = Enzyme Key = Substrate

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  An enzymes shape can be changed (called denatured)  Causes change in an enzyme:  Temperature (increase or decrease)  Change in ph  Regulation by cell itself  “Off and On Switches”

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Provide blueprint of life  Contains C, O, H, N, and P (phosphorous)  Stores cellular info. in the form of a code.  Made up of smaller subunits layered one on top of the other called Nucleotides

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Structure of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Structure

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil found in RNA  Make DNA and RNA

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.18c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.19a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.20