Personality

Pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving that is characteristic of an individual. Psychoanalytic perspective Humanistic perspective Trait perspective Social-cognitive perspective

Freud: Psychoanalytic theory Basics of psychoanalytic theory –Focus on the unconscious Conscious Preconscious Unconscious –Importance of childhood experiences

Structure of personality Id Superego Ego

Psychosexual development Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency stage Genital stage Fixation

Defense mechanisms Repression Regression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation

Psychoanalytic therapy Free association Dream analysis

Limitations of psychoanalytic theory Personality continues to develop throughout life Influence of social and cultural dynamics Modern research –Dreams –Memory repression Psychoanalytic theory is scientifically untestable

Neo-Freudians: Psychodynamic perspective Carl Jung - focus on the unconscious –Dimensions of personality –Collective unconscious Alfred Adler & Karen Horney –Importance of childhood social experiences

Erikson: Psychosocial development Personality results from the resolution of psychosocial crises that occur throughout development –Trust vs. mistrust (infancy-1 year) –Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-2 years) –Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years) –Competence vs. inferiority (6-adolescence) –Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence-young adult) –Intimacy vs. isolation (20s-40s) –Generativity vs. stagnation (40s-60s) –Integrity vs. despair (60+)

Humanistic perspective Abraham Maslow - hierarchy of needs –Self-actualizing person –Peak experiences Carl Rogers - person-centered approach –Self concept –Unconditional positive regard –Empathy, genuineness

Trait perspective Exploring traits –Factor analysis –Personality inventories

Trait perspective Big 5 personality factors –Openness –Conscientiousness –Extraversion –Agreeableness –Neuroticism

Trait perspective Epigenetic theory –Interaction of genes and environment

Social-cognitive perspective Bandura –Reciprocal determinism Cognitive factors BehaviorEnvironmental factors

Social-cognitive perspective Personal control –Locus of control –Learned helplessness –Attribution style