Studying the mind of the individual Aim: How does understanding the individual contribute to our study of Forces That Influences Social Change?

Who are these Psychologists? What is Psychology? – The study how and why humans act as they do. What is Psychology? – The study how and why humans act as they do. Instead of studying how humans function in cultures or societies, psychologists are specialist who focus on the individual, and the personal and unique experiences that influence how the individual acts and thinks Instead of studying how humans function in cultures or societies, psychologists are specialist who focus on the individual, and the personal and unique experiences that influence how the individual acts and thinks

Types of Psychology Experimental Psychology The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations Question - Would you help a complete stranger that was being threatened with violence from another person? Question - Would you help a complete stranger that was being threatened with violence from another person?

The Case of Kitty Genovese The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered on the street outside her New York City apartment after loud shouting was heard - 38 people witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop it The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered on the street outside her New York City apartment after loud shouting was heard - 38 people witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop it Psychologists have long been interested in our unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable situations even if someone’s personal safety is at risk Psychologists have long been interested in our unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable situations even if someone’s personal safety is at risk People have a tendency see themselves as bystanders in such situations rather than as ACTORS People have a tendency see themselves as bystanders in such situations rather than as ACTORS ACTORS are people who become active participants in a situation ACTORS are people who become active participants in a situation The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese

Case Study: “When Bystanders Join In” Pg. 16. Questions 1 &2 Pg. 16. Questions 1 &2 DO NOW DO NOW

When Bystanders Join In 4 years after Genovese was murdered, two psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latane, wanted to identify the factors that influence bystanders’ decisions to get involved in public situations 4 years after Genovese was murdered, two psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latane, wanted to identify the factors that influence bystanders’ decisions to get involved in public situations Experiment: What would affect whether or not people would get involved in a Frisbee game with strangers Experiment: What would affect whether or not people would get involved in a Frisbee game with strangers Conclusions? Conclusions? Relation to Genovese case? Relation to Genovese case?

Clinical Psychology CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY is the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioral disorders CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY is the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioral disorders E.g. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from re- offending on release E.g. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from re- offending on release

Psychological Schools of Thought Like the other social sciences, psychology has been divided into a number of schools of thought Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Behaviouralism Behaviouralism Learning Theory Learning Theory

Psychoanalytic Theory The mind is divided into two parts: the conscious and the unconscious The mind is divided into two parts: the conscious and the unconscious We are aware of our conscious but not aware of our unconscious We are aware of our conscious but not aware of our unconscious According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and our behavior According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and our behavior

The Unconscious Mind The Unconscious mind is divided into three parts: 1. Id – which encourages us to seek physical satisfaction 2. Superego – prompts us to do the moral thing, not the one that feels best 3. Ego – the referee between the two and deals with external reality, this is our most conscious self

The Central Approach to Psychoanalytical Theory Is that the unconscious mind can be unlocked through Dream Analysis and Hypnosis Is that the unconscious mind can be unlocked through Dream Analysis and Hypnosis Criticisms of this approach - problems can arise from bringing up repressed memories, raises questions as to creating false memories. Criticisms of this approach - problems can arise from bringing up repressed memories, raises questions as to creating false memories.

Sigmund Freud The founder of psychoanalytic theory The founder of psychoanalytic theory He believed our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationships with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind He believed our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationships with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind While we are normally unaware of these memories, they can have a powerful influence on the way we function While we are normally unaware of these memories, they can have a powerful influence on the way we function

For those that live with a general sense of frustration, our behavior may become neurotic and connected with anxiety or obsessiveness which can be treated using dream analysis, hypnosis and individual counseling For those that live with a general sense of frustration, our behavior may become neurotic and connected with anxiety or obsessiveness which can be treated using dream analysis, hypnosis and individual counseling Freud felt that individual sexual satisfaction or frustration was the key element in personality development Freud felt that individual sexual satisfaction or frustration was the key element in personality development

1. Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, Czech Republic He abbreviated his name to Sigmund Freud in His family constellation was unusual because Freud's two half- brothers, Emmanuel and Philipp, were almost the same age as his mother. Freud was slightly younger than his nephew John, Emmanuel's son. This odd situation may have triggered Freud's interest on family dynamics, leading to his ulterior formulations on the Oedipus Complex. 3. Freud's father, a Jewish wool merchant of modest means, moved the family to Leipzig, Germany (1859), and then settled in Vienna (1860), where Freud remained until Having considered studying law previously, he decided instead on a career in medical research, beginning his studies at Vienna University (1873). Became a doctor of medicine in He married her in The couple had six children 7. He established a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. His interest in Hysteria* was stimulated by Breuer's and Charcot's use of Hypnotherapy 7. Freud and Breuer published their findings in Studies on Hysteria in 1895 In the same year, Freud was able to analyze, for the first time, one of his own dreams, subsequently known as "The Dream of Irma's Injection". The Interpretation of Dreams which Freud considered the most important of all his books 8. The term psychoanalysis'* (free association) was named by Freud in The medical world still regarded his work with hostility and he worked in isolation 5. From 1884 to 1887 Freud published several articles on Cocaine. – Freud at the time was suffering from depression, chronic fatigue, and other neurotic symptoms. Freud "tried the effect of a 20 th of a gram and found it turned the bad mood he was in into cheerfulness, giving him the feeling of having dined well 'so that there is nothing at all one need bother about,' but without robbing him of any energy for exercise or work." He became addicted SIGMUND FREUD ( ) “FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY” "I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in psychic life. People did not believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory"

Alfred Adler ( ) Adler - believed that difficulties people encounter in gaining self- esteem and recognition, if not overcome by the normal means lead to compensatory behavior and resultant personality disorders which are now widely referred to as an inferiority complex. Adler - believed that difficulties people encounter in gaining self- esteem and recognition, if not overcome by the normal means lead to compensatory behavior and resultant personality disorders which are now widely referred to as an inferiority complex.

Carl Jung ( ) Responsible for the identification of the Extroverted (outward- looking) and Introverted (inward-looking) personality types. Responsible for the identification of the Extroverted (outward- looking) and Introverted (inward-looking) personality types. Worked closely with Freud but split later in their careers Worked closely with Freud but split later in their careers The other aspect of Jung's work which has been very influential is his approach to the analysis of dreams. The other aspect of Jung's work which has been very influential is his approach to the analysis of dreams.

Behavioralism Behaviorists believe that psychologists can predict and control or modify human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place Behaviorists believe that psychologists can predict and control or modify human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place Behaviorists placed particular stress on the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise their children. Behaviorists placed particular stress on the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise their children. They believe these methods have a huge influence on the character of individuals even into adulthood. They believe these methods have a huge influence on the character of individuals even into adulthood. Criticisms include: It is difficult to substantiate results, ignores the influence of heredity. Criticisms include: It is difficult to substantiate results, ignores the influence of heredity.

Charles B. Watson ( ) The founder of behaviouralism The founder of behaviouralism He used animal experiments to determine whether strict or flexible learning patterns are more effective He used animal experiments to determine whether strict or flexible learning patterns are more effective He believed children should be brought up using strictly scheduled, rules- based models. He believed children should be brought up using strictly scheduled, rules- based models.

Benjamin Spock ( ) He believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well- adjusted adults. He believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well- adjusted adults. He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible and supportive He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible and supportive

Learning Theory Learning Theorists agree that humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential Learning Theorists agree that humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential They believe that most human behavior is learned, especially in child and youth. They believe that most human behavior is learned, especially in child and youth. By controlling the way in which humans learn behavior, society can have a great influence on their ultimate personalities. By controlling the way in which humans learn behavior, society can have a great influence on their ultimate personalities. Criticisms include: Treats people like robots – assumes we behave the same way given identical rewards and/or punishments. Criticisms include: Treats people like robots – assumes we behave the same way given identical rewards and/or punishments.

Ivan Pavlov ( ) Pavlov’s experiments with dogs showed that it was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food Pavlov’s experiments with dogs showed that it was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate in anticipation At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate in anticipation Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning

B.F. Skinner ( ) Skinner proved that pigeons could be trained to peck at a particular colored disk to get food rewards Skinner proved that pigeons could be trained to peck at a particular colored disk to get food rewards Rats received food rewards for pressing a bar in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect Rats received food rewards for pressing a bar in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect He believed that if the subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response He believed that if the subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response Theory of OPERANT CONDITIONING: learning can be programmed by whatever consequences follows a particular behavior Theory of OPERANT CONDITIONING: learning can be programmed by whatever consequences follows a particular behavior

Alfred Bandura (Born in 1925) Bandura concluded that learning is largely a modeling experience Bandura concluded that learning is largely a modeling experience When humans observe behavior – either acceptable or unacceptable – they are more likely to practice it When humans observe behavior – either acceptable or unacceptable – they are more likely to practice it Question - What does this mean to us? Question - What does this mean to us? experiment.html experiment.html experiment.html experiment.html

Abraham Maslov ( ) Analysis of human needs organized into a hierarchy ranging from basic survival through to the need for love, security and esteem Analysis of human needs organized into a hierarchy ranging from basic survival through to the need for love, security and esteem Highest level was “self actualization (integration of the self > making the personality whole) Highest level was “self actualization (integration of the self > making the personality whole) Maslow's theories had most profound impact on industrial psychology (making workplace a satisfying experience by raising morale of workers to improve performance) Maslow's theories had most profound impact on industrial psychology (making workplace a satisfying experience by raising morale of workers to improve performance)

Featured Psychologist Basic WorkSimilarities & Differences B.F. Skinner American behavioural Psychologist Operant conditioning Behaviours increase if rewarded and decrease if punished Focus on individuals Mechanistic evaluation of human actions based on reactions of others and self Carl Jung American psychologist Personal collective unconscious Can only treat if we understand the way the person’s personality has been formed (typology) Focus on individuals Concept of collective unconscious affecting personality development Abraham Maslow American psychologist Hierarchy of human needs Lower needs must be met before we can meet higher needs, with self-actualization as a distant goal Focus on individuals Ideas of basic human needs being met Marion Woodman Canadian Jungian Analyst Patriarchy is outdated We need to be free ourselves from patriarchy, stop placing science above the spiritual, and take a more holistic approach to life. Focus on individual Concerned with how patriarchal ideas have shaped our personality.

Readings Read through the handout, “Treating Mental Disorders” Read through the handout, “Treating Mental Disorders” Continue reading Chapters 1-2 (cover the psychology section) Continue reading Chapters 1-2 (cover the psychology section)