SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies. The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total. The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph. FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES

1.Collagen 2.Osteoblasts 3.Osteocytes 4.Osteoclasts 5.Compact bone 6.Lamellae 7.Lacunae 8.Canaliculi 9. Spongy bone 10.Long bones 11.Short bones 12.Flat bones 13.Irregular bones 14.Sesamoid bones 15.Diaphysis 16.Epiphysis 17. Ossification 18. Fissure 19. Sulcus 20. Axial Skeleton 21. Appendicular Skeleton

Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE Support and Protection Body movement Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hematopoeisis Storage of inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium….)

 About 206 bones  2 Main Divisions  Axial  Appendicular

Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips)

1.Epiphysis 2.Diaphysis 3.Articular Cartilage 4.Periosteum

Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary

Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis)

Figure 6.3a-c

* Assignment – Coloring of a Long Bone

Review the Structure of a Long Bone Matching quiz at p/holehaap/student/olc2/chap0 7matching01.html p/holehaap/student/olc2/chap0 7matching01.html

MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

BONE COLORING!

Test Yourself Find the… 1.Haversian Canal 2.Osteocyte 3.Haversian System 4.Volkman's Canal 5.Lamellae 6.Spongy Bone 7.Compact Bone Haversian Canal Volkman's Canal Haversian System Lamellae Spongy Bone Osteocyte Compact Bone

1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

* Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand

1.Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures) 2.Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae) 3.Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate Types of Joints 1. Ball and Socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle

1. Frontal - 2. Parietal - 3. Occipital - 4. Temporal - 5. Sphenoid - 6. Maxilla - 7. Mandible - 8. Zygomatic -

Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Mental Foramen

Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones

1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

* Assignment: Skull Labeling

Figure 6.10

Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar

Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb

Carpels Metacarpals Phalanges

Assignment – Skeleton Labeling Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains Watch a Bones Episode Identify Bones on a real skeleton Lab Practical Test Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view bones and diagnose problems

Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class Visit biologycorner.com for study aids A second test will occur that covers the lab portion

BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel). OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous. Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger. The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

Figure 6.15

ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.