EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2011

2 Motivation

Sexual Motivation Module 26 3

4 The Physiology of Sex  The Sexual Response Cycle  Hormones and Sexual Behavior The Psychology of Sex  External Stimuli  Imagined Stimuli

Adolescent Sexuality  Teen Pregnancy  Teens and STIs Sexual Orientation  Sexual Orientation Statistics  Origins of Sexual Orientation Sex and Human Values 5

The Need to Belong  Aiding Survival  Wanting to Belong  Sustaining Relationships  The Pain of Ostracism 6

7 Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive. Life is sexually transmitted.

8 The Physiology of Sex Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response cycle as consisting of four phases: PhasePhysiological Response Excitement Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges. Plateau Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure. Orgasm Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release. Resolution Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.

9 The Physiology of Sex Sexual disorders are problems that consistently impair sexual arousal and functioning. Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders. Men or women suffering from sexual disorders can often be helped by receiving therapy.

10 Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. MaleTestes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone)

11 Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on animals. Women’s sexual desire increases slightly at ovulation when they are with a partner. Women’s sexuality also depends more on testosterone levels than on estrogen levels. In men, normal fluctuations in testosterone levels, have little effect on sexual drive. Fluctuations in male hormones are partly a response to sexual stimulation. In both men and women, large hormonal shifts over the life span have a greater effect.

12 The Psychology of Sex Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not have sex, we do not die.

13 External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions. But can viewing sexually explicit materials have adverse affects? Viewing sexually violent images can increase men’s willingness to hurt women and viewing sexually attractive people can lead people to devalue their own partners.

14 Imagined Stimuli Our imagination can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire. Wide - awake people become sexually aroused not only by memories of prior sexual activities but also by fantasies. 95% of both men and women say they have has sexual fantasies.

15 Adolescent Sexuality When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences. When it comes to sexual activity in teens family and cultural values do matter.

16 Teen Pregnancy Compared with European teens, American teens have a lower rate of contraceptive use (Call et al., 2002). Why? Ignorance Minimal Communication Guilt Related to Sexual Activity Alcohol Use Mass Media norms of unprotected promiscuity

17 Teens and STIs Predictors of sexual restraint: High Intelligence Religious engagement Father presence Participation in service learning programs Unprotected sex has lead to higher rates of sexually transmitted infections. Two-thirds of new infections occur in those under 25. In the U.S. this has lead to an emphasis on teen abstinence.

18 Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex (homosexual), the other sex (heterosexual), and/or either sex (bisexual). Attitudes toward homosexuals varies among different cultures.

19 Sexual Orientation Statistics In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%. Sexual orientation is not an indicator of mental health. But, some homosexuals may struggle with their attraction, or with bullying, harassment, and discrimination and so be more likely to be depressed, think about, or attempt suicide.

20 Origins of Sexual Orientation Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and parental hormone exposure rather than environmental factors. Men are more likely to be gay if they have an older brother and the chance rises with the number of brothers.

The Brain and Sexual Orientation While studying the hypothalamus of deceased heterosexual and homosexual individuals, Simon Levay found a key difference in the brains of heterosexual men from those of women and homosexual men. He believes that brain anatomy influences sexual orientation. 21

22 Genes & Sexual Orientation Are these brain differences genetically influenced? There is some evidence that they are. Homosexuality seems to run in families. Homosexuality is more common in identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there are mixed results. Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate females to act like males during courtship and males to act like females.

23 Sexual Orientation: Biology

24 Sex and Human Values Sexually intimacy is an expression of our social nature. Most people find greater sexual satisfaction with a loved one. Andreanna Seymore/ Getty Images

25 The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. “Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers from social starvation. 20 th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection

26 Aiding Survival Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates. These bonds led to the following: 1.Protecting against predators, especially for the young. 2.Procuring food. 3.Reproducing the next offspring.

27 Wanting to Belong 1.Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions. 2.Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it. 3.Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones. 4.Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior.