Prologue: The Story of Psychology A Short History, But a Long Past.

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Presentation transcript:

Prologue: The Story of Psychology A Short History, But a Long Past

Definition of Psychology The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Ancient Greeks  Aristotle derived ideas from observations  Said that knowledge is not preexisting  Developed ideas about personality, memory, motivation, and emotion

Prescientific Psychology  Scientific Revolution  The influence of Newton  The influence of Locke  Empiricism  Knowledge comes from experience via the senses  Science flourishes through observation and experiment

Foundations of Modern Psychology  Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879)

Contemporary Psychology zPsychology’s Perspectives yBiological xNeuroscience xEvolutionary xBehavior Genetics yBehavioral yPsychodynamic yCognitive ySocio-cultural

Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Perspectives  A lot depends on your viewpoint

From “schools” to “perspectives” zStructuralism zFunctionalism zGestalt zBehaviorism zPsychoanalysis z Cognitive z Behavioral z Psychodynamic z Biological z Social-cultural z Humanistic

Cognitive Perspective  Structuralism  Studied immediate experience  Used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind  Founded Wundt’s student E.B Titchener

Cognitive Perspective  Functionalism  Focused on the function of mental processes  Founded by William James in 1898  Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin

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Cognitive Perspective zGestalt yFounded by Max Wertheimer and others in 1910 yArgued that the analysis of the mind could not be broken into its component parts yThe whole is greater than the sum of its parts xThe mind seeks to synthesize information xThe mind is an active agent, not a passive receptacle

Gestalt Psychology

Cognitive Perspective zCognitive Perspective y Origins can be traced to Gestalt Psychology yStudy the intervening mental processes between stimulus inputs and response outputs ySignificant contributions made in the areas of language, development, and memory yJean Piaget: child development expert

Behavioral Perspective zEarly Behaviorism yFounded by American John Watson in 1913 yShifted attention from mental activity to observable behavior yBehavior can be shaped by manipulating and changing the environment

Watson on Behaviorism “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select; doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant. And yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, tendencies, abilities, and race of his ancestors”

Behavioral Perspective  Behavioral Psychology  Explain behavior by assessing the effects of external stimuli  Deal with directly observable behavior  B.F. Skinner: most influential behaviorist

Psychodynamic Perspective zPsychoanalysis yDeveloped outside the university setting yFounded by Sigmund Freud in 1895 yFreud concluded that unconscious mental forces direct our behavior yUtilized free- association and hypnosis

Psychodynamic Perspective zPsychodynamic perspective yHuman behavior is primarily determined by unconscious processes yTheory not based on experimental evidence and many aspects are untestable yInfluential to modern psychotherapy yCarl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler prominent “Neo-Freudians”

Biological Perspectives zBiological Perspective yNeuroscience yEvolutionary yBehavior genetics zExplain behavior by describing underlying biochemical and neurological causes zReductionists: observable behavior reduced to physiological explanations zRoger Sperry: won Nobel Prize for split-brain research

Social-Cultural Perspective zSocial-Cultural yHow behavior and thinking vary across situations and culture yRecognizes the power of the situation in determining human behavior yStudies the interaction between the environment and actions yAlbert Bandura, Philip Zimbardo

Other Perspectives zHumanistic approach ??????? yEmerged in the 1950’s yViewed behavior as a product of free will and opposed determinism of behaviorism and psychoanalysis yFocused on mental health and positive outcomes yCarl Rogers and Abraham Maslow yCurrently reemerging as Positive Psychology