Typology of the Grammatical Systems of English and Ukrainian Dominant features of English and Ukrainian

Dominant features of synthetic languages 1. Affixes (lexical and grammatical) 2. Sound alternations (віз – возив) 3. Suppletivity (поганий – гірший) 4. Root words are rather rare 5. Clear-shaped parts of speech 6. Concordance between different parts of the sentence 7. Free word order in the sentence 8. Morphology is more important than syntax

Dominant features of analytic languages

1. Few grammatical affixes 2. Scarce number of sound alternations and suppletive forms 3. Monosyllabic words prevail Set, come, cut, bill

Dominant features of analytic languages 4. Auxiliaries, copulas I have my letter written => I have written my letter=> I’ve written my letter They got hungry. Gradually he came to understand it. Intensive use of auxiliaries :  I do so wonder what Jolyons’s boy is like.  - We have to divorce – Do we?  He was asked to come and he willingly did.

Dominant features of analytic languages 5. Function words prepositions conjunctions articles particles pronouns

Dominant features of analytic languages 6. Fixed word order (U) logical (E) grammatical S-P-O  Мені назустріч ішов високий чоловік.

Dominant features of analytic languages 7. Conversion two-member rescue – n, v three-member trim - v, adj., n four-member right - v, adj., n, adv. five-member round - v, adj., n, adv., prep.

Conversion semantics  to hammer Instrumental  to cook Agentive  to box, to bottle Locative  to match Resultative  to winter Temporal

Conversion: new tendencies  The newspaper was blue-penciled.  The winner of the first round is the one politician observers long ago dismissed as a has-been.  T. announced she would seek the support of the also-rans to unite the democratic forces.

Dominant features of analytic languages 8. Parts of speech do not show at a paradigmatic level can Саn he can me for kicking the can? Recategorisation  from one class to another (conversion) come round the corner come round with some fresh air  within a class (from one subcategory to another) from abstract to concrete (a youth meaning ‘a boy’) from uncountable to countable (wines ) from proper to common (an Einstein meaning ‘a genius’, a Benedict Arnold meaning ‘a traitor’)

9. Phrasal verbs, compounds put off postpone 10. Homonymy and polysemy of gram. forms Peter’s come. Peter’s coming. Peter’s book He said he would come. If I were you, I would leave.I asked him but he wouldn’t say. Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.

Dominant features of analytic languages 11. Intonation and stress Resolves structural ambiguity  He talked with a pretty French accent.  I have instructions to leave

Intonation and stress Comment on the communication failure: - Have you seen a horse-fly here? - No, sir. But I have once seen a cow jump over the fence.