STATES OF MATTER REVIEW

States of Matter Mass & takes up space No 2 pieces occupy the same space at the same time 4 forms - depends on temperature – Solids – Liquids – Gases – Plasma

Solids Definite volume & shape Not enough energy to move – Crystalline – repeating geometric patterns – Noncrystalline – amorphous no true form, thick liquids

Liquids Definite volume No definite shape – takes shape of container Particles have enough energy to move – Viscosity – property of how easily liquid flows

Gases No definite volume or shape Takes volume & shape of container Particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces holding them together & fill the container

Plasma Like a gas Lots of energy Electrically charged, fast moving particles – the sun, space shuttle, lightening

Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion temperature, motion KE = energy of motion PE = stored energy

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Thermal Expansion Increase temp, increase energy: particles move faster & further apart increasing the volume –Concrete slabs on bridge

Changing States of Matter SolidLiquidGas Melting pt Freezing pt Boiling pt Condensation Sublimation Evaporation

Heat of Fusion Energy required for a substance to change from a solid to a liquid Different for every substance No temp Δ until complete –Ice to water 0°C until done –334 kJ/kg for water

Heat of Vaporization Energy required for a substance to change from a liquid to a gas Different for every substance No temp Δ until done –Water to steam 100°C –2260kJ/kg for water

Freezing Point Depression Decrease the freezing point of water by dissolving particles in it –Salting icy roads & sidewalks Ice melts as freezing pt is lowered –Ice cream makers Ice Cream -3°C, Ice 0°C Salt lowers freezing pt of ice so that ice cream can freeze

Boiling Point Elevation Increase in the boiling pt of water by dissolving particles in it Solute particles reduce how easily molecules get to surface to evaporate increasing bpt since water needs more energy

Part 2 Behavior of Gases & Fluids

Pressure – amount of force per unit area (pascal, Pa) P = F/A Atm. sea level 101.3kPa –Pressure decreases w/ elevation: fewer gas particles Gas Laws treat gases as ideal: no volume or attraction btwn molecules

Boyles Law If you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the pressure of the gas will increase as long as temperature remains constant Movie: Men of Honor

Boyles Law: constant temperature PressureVolume

Charles Law Volume of a gas increases as temp increases if pressure remains constant –Absolute Zero lowest possible temperature no movement of particles

Charles Law: constant pressure Temp.Volume

Fluids Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it – Force = weight… Floats – Force < weight… Sinks – Force > weight… Rises

Archimedes’ Principle Bouyant force on an object in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Pascal’s Principle Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid –Ex. pistons, toothpaste –P=F/A

Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure on it decreases – Ex. air plane wing

Venturi Effect A fluid flows faster when forced through narrow spaces –Ex. windy cities