EARTH’S, FORMATION SHAPE, DIMENSIONS AND HEAT CHAPTER 4.1

Earth’s Origin Nebular Hypothesis

Observe an animation showing the origin of the solar system.

Earth’s Size and Shape

HISTORICAL EVIDENCE OF SHAPE 1. SHIPS MAST 2. CHANGING POSITIONS OF CONSTELLATIONS 3. EARTHS ARC DURING ECLIPSE 4. GRAVITATION – OBJECTS WEIGH NEARLY THE SAME 5. MAGELLAN’S CIRCUMNAVIGATION

OBLATE SPHEROID – TRUE SHAPE OF EARTH. SLIGHTLY FLATTENED AT THE POLES (40,007 KM) BULGING AT THE EQUATOR (40,074 KM). OBJECTS AT THE POLES WEIGH MORE THAN AT THE EQUATOR!

Eratosthenes ( B.C.)

ERATOSTHENES – FIRST SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT OF THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH. TWO REQUIREMENTS: – –ANGULAR DIFFERENCE FROM SYENE TO ALEXANDRIA – –SURFACE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CITIES(DIRECTLY NORTH)

Analema a trace of the annual movement of the Sun on the sky a trace of the annual movement of the Sun on the sky Due to the earth's tilt on its axis (23.45°) and its elliptical orbit around the sun, the relative location of the sun above the horizon is not constant from day to day when observed at the same time on each day. Depending on one's geographical latitude, this loop will be inclined at different angles Due to the earth's tilt on its axis (23.45°) and its elliptical orbit around the sun, the relative location of the sun above the horizon is not constant from day to day when observed at the same time on each day. Depending on one's geographical latitude, this loop will be inclined at different angles

HORIZON ALTITUDE OF SUN

Earth is misnamed! Should be called ocean (71%) and land (29%)

Earth’s Interior

Inner core – solid iron and nickle Outer core – liquid iron and nickle Mantle – thickest layer, iron, silicon and magnesium compounds – behaves as a liquid Asthenosphere – slush-like layer of mantle crust floats on Crust – Thin layer of rigid lighter rock that includes earth’s surface Lithosphere – Crust and uppermost part of mantle Layers of Earth

SPECIFIC GRAVITY Weight of an object compared to the weight of an equal volume of water. Useful in mineral identification!

Earth’s avg. density is 5.5 Crust = 2.8

FORMULA S.G = Wa Wa – WH 2 0 Wa = WEIGHT IN AIR WH 2 0 = WEIGHT IN WATER

Earth’s Heat

TEMPERATURE 70 METERS DEPTH CONSTANT AND EQUAL TO AVG. YEARLY TEMP OF THAT LOCATION TEMP IN CRUST RISES 1 0 /40 METERS IN DEPTH 12,800 KM DIAMETER 6400 KM RADIUS X 1000 M/KM DIVIDED BY 40 = 160,000 DEGREES CELSIUS

EARTHQUAKE WAVE STUDIES INDICATE A SOLID CORE, AND THUS THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF THE CORE WOULD BE C

SOURCES OF INTERNAL HEAT 1.RADIOACTIVITY

2. PRESSURE / COMPRESSION

3. Meteor impacts

Earth’s Magnetic Field

Earth’s Magnetic Field is tilted 11 degrees from the north pole!