PHOTOGRAPHY 1 Art 141 Michael Yurgeles, Instructor Lecture 4  IN THE NEWS  REVIEW OF LECTURE 3  HORENSTEIN, CHAPTERS 4&5/WORKBOOK  HORENSTEIN, CHAPTERS 6 /LECTURE/DISCUSSION  American Photography: A Century of Images  PHOTOGRAPHERS: Julia Margaret Cameron, Sally Mann HOMEWORK DUE TODAY, February 17, 2014: Reading Horenstein, Chapters 5 & 6 (and complete workbook Chapters 5 & 6) American Photography PBS “The Developing Image” EXPOSURE IN THE NEWS IN THE NEWS

EXPOSURE OF ANOTHER KIND... ( The Story of the Three Bears ) Not too hot and not too cold but just right.” The Story of the Thre Bears Equivalent Exposures- Your Key To Success! THE CREATIVE CONTROLS & FILM EXPOSURE Last week we learned about APERTURE and how it controls the amount of light reaching and exposing the film.

This week we will learn about SHUTTER SPEED and how both APERTURE and SHUTTER SPEED are considered together to determine the correct film exposure in a given lighting environment, and understand why this is critical making good negatives and prints. F-stops

Alfred Stieglitz. Apples Can you tell what F-stop may have been used?

Alfred Stieglitz. Dancing Can you tell what F-stop may have been used?

Alfred Stieglitz. Georgia O'Keeffe Can you tell what F-stop may have been used?

Alfred Stieglitz. The Steerage, 1907

Ansel Adams. New York. Can you tell what F-stop may have been used?

Helen Levitt. New York Can you tell what F-stop may have been used?

SHUTTER SPEED The markings on the camera are the denominators of a fraction of a second. Example '125 is 1/125 second. In other words it would take 125 of this amount of time to make one second. Other settings can include “B” for bulb. When your camera is set on B, as long as you hold down the shutter button, the shutter remains open. This is used for long, usually night exposures. “T” stands for time. When your camera is set on T, you can push the release button once, and the shutter opens, press it again and the shutter closes. Again, this is used for long exposures. Commonly used shutter speeds range from '60 to '1000. To stop action, use a shutter speed of '125 or higher. To determine the SLOWEST shutter speed you can shoot at without camera movement, take the FOCAL LENGTH of your lens and divide, 1/XThis is the shutter speed you can safely shoot at. For example, if you were shooting with a 50mm lens, you could hand hold the camera and take the picture at 1/50 second.

Roy DeCarava. Coltrain. Example of low shutter speed.

Fast shutter speed. 1/1000 second Panning-moving your camera with the subject.

EXPOSURE This is directly linked to the amount of light hitting a given film. It is determined by the ISO of the film, the aperture, and the shutter speed. Exposure is determined by measuring the light in a scene with a LIGHT METER. Most 35mm cameras have light meters build in, although there are also hand held meters

Equivalent exposures marked on a light meter. Light meters give a correct reading in a scene where objects reflect 18% of the light hitting them, or coming from them.

What you see.What the camera meter sees.18% gray. WHERE DO I START?

-TIME (SHUTTER) PRIORITYwhy? Common speeds: '60'125 -APERTURE PRIORITYwhy? Common apertures:f/ 2.8f/5.6 '250'500 f/8f/16 The light meter measures the light in a given scene- allowing you and/or the camera to determine a correct exposure. This is done with a number of kinds of displays.

Matched needle metering as seen through viewfinder.

You can set your camera to over or under expose by -2 to +2 stops for special lighting situations. EQUIVALENT EXPOSURES There are usually more than one combination of shutter speeds and apertures you can use to get a good exposure. For example f/8 at 1/125 second = f/11 at 1/60 second

Real world exposure examples.... Ansel Adams. Leaves A well made print.

Negative from which the Adams print was made.Note the range of tones.

Exposure Problems: An Over Exposed Negative Incorrectly exposed negative.Too much exposure yielding a “dense” negative.

Print from over exposed negative.

Under exposed negative. Note enough exposure. Note lack of information, and contrast.

Print from under exposed negative.

Photographer of the week: Ansel Adams Ansel Adams

Ansel Adams,