The End of the High Middle Ages Chapter 14 Sections 4-6

Language and Literature Thrive Latin = language of educated people vernacular = everyday spoken languages (French, Italian, and Spanish all derive from Latin vernaculars) troubadours = traveling singers; wrote poems about love/chivalry

Types of Literature Romance stories Most famous = King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table fabliaux = French comic stories fables = stories about animals National epic = long poems about hero The Song of Roland (France) Drama = miracle plays

Dante Alighieri Born in Tuscany in 1265 Father of Italian language The Divine Comedy Goes through 3 realms of Christian afterlife - Heaven, Hell, Purgatory

Geoffrey Chaucer Born in England in 1340 Politician and soldier The Canterbury Tales About 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Thomas Beckett at Canterbury Pokes fun at the Church and Clergy

Education Teachers and students form guilds Called universitas 1000s-1200s = 4 universities Paris and Oxford = Theology/Lib. Arts Bologna = Civil and Church Law Salerno = Medicine By 1400s there are many universities Bachelor of Arts Master of Arts --> admitted into teachers’ guild

Philosophy Scholasticism = attempt to bring faith and reason together Peter Abelard - taught in Paris Showed conflicts between Bible, popes, and church writings Thomas Aquinas = Dominican monk Greatest medieval philosopher Science and reason conflict w/ faith Rational proof of God’s existence

Architecture Church-centered Romanesque = old style --> dark, domed roof, stone walls Gothic = new in 1100s People originally didn’t like it Tall spires, pointed arches, flying buttresses Everything pointed towards heaven Cathedral of Notre Dame construction begins in 1160s (continues for about 100 years)

Cathedral at Notre Dame

The Hundred Years War Edward III of England claimed the French throne --> WHY?? France refuses to give in  Edward brings army into Flanders  Hundred Years War begins English raid and pillage French countryside 116 yrs --> small periods of peace

More about 100 Years War Battle of Agincourt (1415) = Eng. Wins  Longbow, cannon, gunpowder  English control most of N. France Joan of Arc = peasant girl  Rallies French and leads to victory  Dissension over who should be king Charles VII of Orleans crowned  Joan captured by English Tried for sorcery and heresy

Outcome and Consequences Loss of life and land --> esp. France House of Commons gained more power in English Parliament  Gets to consider new taxes before House of Lords War of the Roses = civil war in Eng.  House of York vs. House of Lancaster (white vs. red)  Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeats Richard III of York 1461 Louis XI --> harsh efficient gov’t  France becomes unified country

Spain united under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Defeated Moors --> Reconquista Two options: convert or leave  Most Jews and Moors leave  Many merchants and scholars leave  Spanish Inquisition

Holy Roman Empire Divided into regions ruled by princes/knights  Feudal lords had all the power Emperor elected by group of rulers  Charles IV changes this --> only 7 electors 3 archbishops, 4 German priests 7 electors became more powerful Elections based on bribery and political favors

Habsburg Rule Habsurg family comes to power  Arranged marriages with powerful families Emperor Maximilian I  Marriage brought Netherlands, Luxemburg, and Burgundy under Habsburg control Still no unity in Holy Roman Empire

Church Power Weakens Shift of power from Church to Monarch Pope loses worldly power Strong central governments influence power shift People questioned church practices Wealth, raising money, etc. Shift of power from Church to Monarch Pope loses worldly power Strong central governments influence power shift People questioned church practices Wealth, raising money, etc.

Babylonian Captivity Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII Elected Clement V as pope Moved headquarters of church to Avignon, France --> period known as Babylonian Captivity ( ) Lost respect = people thought popes were being controlled by French kings Pope Gregory XI moves papacy back to Rome Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII Elected Clement V as pope Moved headquarters of church to Avignon, France --> period known as Babylonian Captivity ( ) Lost respect = people thought popes were being controlled by French kings Pope Gregory XI moves papacy back to Rome

Great Schism Gregory XI dies Cardinals elect an Italian pope, and later a French pope who lives in Avignon = 2 popes Until 1417, church had 2-3 popes Time known as Great Schism Council of Constance --> ended Great Schism Martin V as only pope Schism discredited the papacy and brought more criticism Gregory XI dies Cardinals elect an Italian pope, and later a French pope who lives in Avignon = 2 popes Until 1417, church had 2-3 popes Time known as Great Schism Council of Constance --> ended Great Schism Martin V as only pope Schism discredited the papacy and brought more criticism

More Problems Arise University of Paris - 2 teachers write Defender of the Faith Claims pope was head of church, not state Pope should be stripped of political authority Foreshadowing of early modern politics University of Paris - 2 teachers write Defender of the Faith Claims pope was head of church, not state Pope should be stripped of political authority Foreshadowing of early modern politics

John Wycliffe Priest and teacher at Oxford University Attacked wealth of church, immorality of clergy People should interpret scripture themselves Promoted translation of Bible to English Accused of being a heretic Banned from teaching, forced to retire Supported by the monarchy Priest and teacher at Oxford University Attacked wealth of church, immorality of clergy People should interpret scripture themselves Promoted translation of Bible to English Accused of being a heretic Banned from teaching, forced to retire Supported by the monarchy

Jan Hus Supporter and reader of Wycliffe Teacher at University of Prague Criticized abuses of church Gets excommunicated Burnt at the stake for heresy Hus and Wycliffe set the stage for later reformers Supporter and reader of Wycliffe Teacher at University of Prague Criticized abuses of church Gets excommunicated Burnt at the stake for heresy Hus and Wycliffe set the stage for later reformers