Introduction of Low-GWP alternatives to HFC134a in Article 5 MAC Production: Cost & Safety Issue Prof. Jiangping Chen ， Ph.D Shanghai Jiaotong University

EU F-gas Regulation brings discussion in China MAC Industry for many years. Same Refrigerant Policy or Find our Own-way: HFO1234yf? CO2?R445A? … Is it Possible to Use low cost Alternatives: R290/R600a, HFC152a Background Background

 HFO1234yf is less efficient but acceptable  Price for HFO1234yf refrigerant=Whole System cost  Not for BUS AC(100,000 units sold in China annually) HFO1234yf

CO2 Prototype is tested, but…  Far away from mass production  € more Cost(estimated mass products)  Reduction of cooling capacity and Low efficiency in hot climate  Will be revolution of the industry, based on current economic situation, few company show interests

R445A(AC6) is on testing  R445A(AC6) is a formulation of R-744, R-134a and R-1234ze(E) in the nominal proportions 6%/9%/85%  Leakage and performance degradation have been studied  Special service equipment is required

R290/R600a or HFC152a  R290/R600a(A3) mixture and R152a(A2H) have better performance than R134a  In service market, HC have been used for 10 + years: with higher efficiency Low cost Easy to leakage from charge valve but can be solved easily Study are on-going: To reduce the fire-risk by reducing charge of refrigerant, eliminate the possibility of gas to passenger compartment In China, 1,000,000 + Taxis is CNG powered, 20 + years

EVs need Heat Pump  Heat pump is desired by EV units BUS AC/HP are installed with refrigerant of R407C or R410A  Taking compactness and capacity in consideration at low ambient temperatures, mobile AC industry may adopt these from the stationary AC systems R134a/R22R410a/R22

Green-MAC LCCP is preferred  For MAC, LCCP is more reasonable than GWP only  Energy consumption is related not only to the climate but also to the traffic

Thank you for your attention ! Prof. Jiangping Chen ， Ph.D Shanghai Jiaotong University