World War I: From Neutrality to War Essential Questions: What considerations should guide the development of American foreign policy? When should the United States go to war? Did America’s emergence as a world power move it closer or further away from its founding ideals?

President Woodrow Wilson, August 19, 1914 Respond: Identify Woodrow Wilson’s position toward World War I in 1914 by writing “stay neutral” or “declare war” in your notebook. Then identify one or more phrases that show President Wilson’s position.

Europe on the Brink of War August 1914: War has just broken out in Europe involving two great alliances: the Allies (Britain, France and Russia) on one side, and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) on the other. Millions of soldiers are involved, both on land and at sea. Before anything happens in the war, you, as President Wilson, need to establish what the goals of the United States are. List three goals for the U.S. to keep in mind as the war progresses.

President Woodrow Wilson, April 2, 1917 Respond: Identify President Woodrow Wilson’s position toward World War I in 1917 by writing “stay neutral” or “declare war” in your notebook. Then identify one or more phrases that show President Wilson’s position.

Respond Explain what might have happened in the three years between the speeches to change Woodrow Wilson’s position.

Europe on the Brink of War The Roots of War European ______________ Aided by each nation’s increased ______________ Glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war In order to acquire and protect their colonies under ___________________ Led to the rise of large, sophisticated armies and navies The Roots of War European nationalism was bolstered by each nation’s increased militarism. European nations adopted a militaristic stance in the late 1800s in order to acquire and protect their colonies, as well as discourage aggression by rivals. Militarism, the glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war, led to the rise of large, sophisticated armies and navies as various European nations competed to develop military strength. Between 1870 and 1914 military spending among European nations increased by 300 percent. Great Britain and Germany in particular competed for domination of the seas by building up huge navies. By 1914 Russia was able to mobilize over 6 million troops, prompting Germany to double the size of its army between 1892 and 1913. As each nation increased its military power, an intricate web of alliances arose to deter acts of aggression among the European nations. In 1882 the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. By 1907 France, Great Britain, and Russia had formed an alliance known as the Triple Entente. By 1914 Europe was a virtual pwder keg of tensions; its great economic, imperial powers, armed with massive, modern armies and inclined to support the idea of war for a national glory, were tied to one another n a series of binding military treaties.

A. Triple Entente or ___________France, Britain, Russia B. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are ______________________ C. Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip _________________________________

Europe on the Brink of War U.S. ________________ President ___________________ declared neutrality toward Europe However, U.S. neutrality was almost immediately challenged in the __________________________, when the situation in Europe exploded. As hostilities among European nations grew, President Woodrow Wilson-who led the United States from 1913 to 1921-carried on the U.S. tradition of U.S. Neutrality toward Europe. From its earliest days as a nation, the United States had observed a policy of noninvolvement in European affairs and conflicts. George Washington, n his last speech as president, argued that Europe “had a set of primary interests which to [the United States] have none or a very remote relation.” Therefore, Washington advised his successors to “steer clear of permanent alliances” with European nations. In his 1801 inaugural address President Thomas Jefferson vowed, “Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with none.” In addition, Americans historically viewed themselves as morally, as well as geographically, distanced from the Old World. They believed that the United States was above engaging in the continual-and often bloody-power struggles the often characterized European relations. Although during the 1900s the United States was similarly concerned with establishing economic and political dominance in the Western Hemisphere-particularly in the Caribbean and Latin America-President Woodrow Wilson disavowed what he saw as Europe’s imperialistic, militaristic tendencies. However, U.S. neutrality was almost immediately challenged in the summer of 1914, when the situation in Europe exploded.

World War I Begins The Assassination of the _________________ Started ______________ ____________________ Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated by a ________________ nationalist _________________, Austria-Hungary’s tiny neighbor to the south, opposed Austria’s control of Bosnia and desired to join the Slavic Bosnians to its own nation The Assassination of the Archduke World War I-or the Great War, as it was called at the time-began when the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungry. Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife, Archduchess Sofia, were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914. Serbian nationalism was rooted in the Austro-Hungarian empire’s attempts to control the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe. In 1908, Austria-Hungary had annexed the Balkan region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was populated primarily by Slavic Muslims, Croats, and Serbs. Serbia, Austria-Hungary’s tiny neighbor to the south, opposed Austria’s control of Bosnia and desired to join the Slavic Bosnians to its own nation. In protest of Austro-Hungarian domination, a secret Serbian nationalist society known as the Black Hand plotted to assassinate the archduke as he toured Bosnia. On the morning of June 28, seven assassins from the Black Hand positioned themselves along the archduke’s travel route. While the archduke and his wife managed to evade a bomb, thrown by one of the assassins, they were killed by a final assassin-nineteen year old Gavrilo Princip-when their driver attempted to make a U-turn on a crowded street. Princip shot the archduchess once in the stomach, killing her instantly. Then, according to a fellow assassin who witnessed the deaths, “[A] second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart. He uttered only one word, ‘Sophia’-a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly.” Francis Ferdinand and Austria's Francis Joseph..  2005. Image. 30 November 2010. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>.

World War I Begins _______________________________-backed by ________________________’s promise of full military support-presented ______________ with a list of demands concerning inquiry into the crime ______________________________ wanted ___________________to comply with its deliberately harsh demands or face war. ____________________, knowing it had full Russian support in case of war, refused to accept all of ______________________________’s demands. After consultation with Germany, ______________________________ declared war on ________________ on July 28.

_________ and __________ President __________ allowed them to warring nations ____________ had to be short-term Brought great prosperity to the U.S. http://subscriptions.teachtci.com/teacher/learn/sections/4467

___________ Preventing Trade with ___________ The _______________ ___________________ ____________________, mine North Sea, stop war supplies reaching Germany also stop food, fertilizer Wilson dropped objections U. S. merchant ships seldom reach _______________ By 1917, famine in Germany _______________ trade was more important than Germany’s to the American economy http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.worldology.com/Europe/images/wwi_1914_uk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_1.htm&h=243&w=382&sz=25&tbnid=ntXtAL0CPbzyaM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=118&zoom=1&usg=__ZfWGgoDtye7DXnOWurz9X8DGyMo=&docid=ewIi4mfcoNSf6M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Srt-UJzfPJHc8AT68IH4BA&ved=0CD0Q9QEwBQ&dur=150

_____________ _______ ______Around __________ German response to the ______________ _____________ (German submarines) would sink any British or Allied ship in the waters around Britain _____________ protests A German U boat with a sinking English steamer..  2005. Image. 30 November 2010. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>.

British Liner ____________ Is Sunk Sunk on May 7, 1915 by German _____________ 1,198 people died including 128 _________ American public opinion turns against ___________ President ___________ protests, but __________ continues to sink ships Torpedoing of the Lusitania..  2005. Image. 30 November 2010. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. German submarine that sank the Lusitania..  2005. Image. 30 November 2010. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>.

____________ Torpedoed Unarmed _______________ passenger steamer ______ passengers, including ________________ are killed U.S. threatens to break off diplomatic relations May, 1916- ______________________- Germany would not sink any passenger ships and would only sink merchant ships with warning. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/gw_sussex_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/sea5.htm&h=582&w=800&sz=117&tbnid=3rpq-L_WyEjC3M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=124&zoom=1&usg=__GCsSeQhdePxeV9-R4qYYEgGryHs=&docid=Uqg2O3DGn7uK7M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D7t-UI7AE4WS9gTkyoH4Cw&ved=0CDYQ9QEwBQ&dur=0

______________ ___________ _________________ note—proposes alliance of Germany, Mexico against U.S. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/images/decoded-message-m.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/&h=268&w=250&sz=56&tbnid=QSUA0CM7-n6ZsM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=79&zoom=1&usg=__ShG1_IZxk11-tCf9VQutBuaBLbY=&docid=tQh6O6z6yHSqvM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ort-UKKCHJCg8QSAsYCoCA&sqi=2&ved=0CC4Q9QEwAQ&dur=1

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare ______________ asks U.S. to get ______________ to end food blockade otherwise will renew unrestricted submarine warfare ______________ tries to mediate, calls for “a peace between equals” Kaiser announces ____________ will sink all ships in ___________ waters Four unarmed _____________ merchant ships sunk German U-boat No. 10..  2005. Image. 30 November 2010. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>.

__________ systems __________ escort merchant ships across _________ - losses ________ dramatically Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keep __________ out of Atlantic http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/atlantic/convoy.aspx

___________ Declares ______ ___________ calls for war to make world “safe for ______________” Revolution in _________ ___________ monarchy replaced with _________________ government War of __________ against _____________