Monday 8/16/2015 What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? What is the difference between sports physiology and exercise physiology? What is the difference between sports physiology and exercise physiology? Why is it important to learn about the history of a field, whether it is sports physiology or elsewhere? Why is it important to learn about the history of a field, whether it is sports physiology or elsewhere?

Exercise Physiology Course Description The study and application of physiological bases of movement, work, response, and adaptation to exercise. Environmental conditions being considered.

Goals of this course Promote an awareness of the complexities of the body’s metabolic energy systems and how they convert the food we eat into ATP to provide our muscles with the energy they need to move Provide the student an opportunity to examine the metabolic energy systems and how these systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise Promote an awareness of how the endocrine system monitors and responds to changes in the body’s systems during exercise

Goals of this course Provide the student an opportunity to examine the organization and structure of the skeletal neuromuscular systems and how the skeletal neuromuscular systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise Provide the student an opportunity to examine the organization and structure of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how these systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise Provide the student an opportunity to examine how differing methods/types of aerobic and anaerobic training, and resistance training can influence physical performance and promote improvements in physical fitness across the lifespan.

Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology Introduction

History 1889 – first textbook on exercise physiology was published, titled Physiology of Bodily Exercise 1889 – first textbook on exercise physiology was published, titled Physiology of Bodily Exercise 1922 – A.V. Hill, a biochemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on energy metabolism and muscle contraction 1922 – A.V. Hill, a biochemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on energy metabolism and muscle contraction 1926 – Hill visited Harvard University and inspired the biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson to create and open the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in – Hill visited Harvard University and inspired the biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson to create and open the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in 1927

History Lawrence J. Henderson would appoint David Bruce (D.B.) Dill as the director of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory Lawrence J. Henderson would appoint David Bruce (D.B.) Dill as the director of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory 1947 – The HFL would close, but during those 20 years, scientists from 15 nations would study various aspects of human performance and would later begin their own labs throughout the world, spreading the study of exercise science 1947 – The HFL would close, but during those 20 years, scientists from 15 nations would study various aspects of human performance and would later begin their own labs throughout the world, spreading the study of exercise science 1954 – the American College of Sports Medicine was founded 1954 – the American College of Sports Medicine was founded

History 1960’s & 70’s – the field of exercise physiology would see dramatic advances due to improvements in technology 1960’s & 70’s – the field of exercise physiology would see dramatic advances due to improvements in technology Future leaders will probably come from the fields of molecular biology and genetics Future leaders will probably come from the fields of molecular biology and genetics

Exercise Physiology v. Sport Physiology What is exercise physiology? The study of how the bodies’ structures and functions are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise The study of how the bodies’ structures and functions are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise What is the difference between exercise physiology and sport physiology? Sport physiology is the application of the principles of exercise physiology to the training of athletes and the enhancement of an athletes performance Sport physiology is the application of the principles of exercise physiology to the training of athletes and the enhancement of an athletes performance

Consider the body systems involved in carrying out various physical activities, from a leisurely walk across campus to running a marathon.

Learning about the effects of exercise/physical activity on these systems is a process that requires an integrated knowledge of specific fields of study

Of course, first you must be able to identify the structure and function of these systems Of course, first you must be able to identify the structure and function of these systems Musculoskeletal system Musculoskeletal system Muscular system – force generator and transmitter Muscular system – force generator and transmitter Skeletal system – frame work through which muscles act Skeletal system – frame work through which muscles act Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology Biomechanics Biomechanics

Cardiovascular & Respiratory systems Cardiovascular & Respiratory systems Delivers nutrients and removes waste products Delivers nutrients and removes waste products Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology Digestive system Digestive system Ingestion & conversion of food into the bodies’ fuel Ingestion & conversion of food into the bodies’ fuel Sports Nutrition Sports Nutrition Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology

Nervous & Endocrine system Nervous & Endocrine system Regulate and coordinate the bodies’ systems in order to perform physical activity Regulate and coordinate the bodies’ systems in order to perform physical activity Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology Motor Learning Motor Learning Sport Psychology Sport Psychology Integumentary (skin) system Integumentary (skin) system Helps regulate temperature and fluid balance Helps regulate temperature and fluid balance Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology Sports Nutrition Sports Nutrition

The “Core” of Understanding Anatomy Anatomy Sports Nutrition Sports Nutrition Biomechanics Biomechanics Motor Learning Motor Learning Sport Psychology Sport Psychology Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology

So, let’s begin our study of exercise and sport physiology. According to our definition of exercise physiology, (the study of how the bodies’ structures and functions are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise,) we must examine both the acute and chronic responses to exercise.

Acute v. Chronic Responses Acute response – how the body responds to a single bout of exercise/physical activity Acute response – how the body responds to a single bout of exercise/physical activity Chronic adaptations – how the body responds to repeated bouts of exercise/physical activity; effects of training Chronic adaptations – how the body responds to repeated bouts of exercise/physical activity; effects of training There are important differences!

Acute Responses to Exercise Important variables to consider when assessing immediate (acute) physiological responses to exercise: Important variables to consider when assessing immediate (acute) physiological responses to exercise: Temperature Temperature Humidity Humidity Altitude Altitude Noise Noise Amount of sleep Amount of sleep Time of day (diurnal variation) Time of day (diurnal variation) Amount of light Amount of light Time and size of last meal (eating patterns) Time and size of last meal (eating patterns) Psychological reasons Psychological reasons

Chronic Adaptations to Training Training causes the body’s systems to adapt over time (chronic) and is influenced by the following: Training causes the body’s systems to adapt over time (chronic) and is influenced by the following: Principle of Individuality (heredity) Principle of Individuality (heredity) Principle of Disuse (use it or lose it) Principle of Disuse (use it or lose it) Principle of Progressive Overload (do more) Principle of Progressive Overload (do more) Principle of Hard/Easy (work/recovery) Principle of Hard/Easy (work/recovery) Principle of Periodization (training cycles) Principle of Periodization (training cycles)

Marked difference between the short-term and long-term effects of walking across campus and those of running a marathon. Marked difference between the short-term and long-term effects of walking across campus and those of running a marathon. Walk = Physical activity Marathon = Exercise

Running a marathon requires being “physically fit”. What about walking across campus? What is the difference between: Exercise? Physical activity? Physical fitness?

Physical activity – any bodily movement that results in an increase in energy use. Physical activity – any bodily movement that results in an increase in energy use.

Wednesday 8/19/ What is the difference between a cross- sectional study and a longitudinal research study? 2. What is a control group and what is a placebo group? 3. What are 4 ( though there are more) important items that should be included when constructing a graph? Kerry Strug Kerry Strug

Exercise – Structured, repetitive, and planned physical activity that is carried out for the specific purpose of improving or maintaining one or more of the components of physical fitness or health. Exercise – Structured, repetitive, and planned physical activity that is carried out for the specific purpose of improving or maintaining one or more of the components of physical fitness or health.

Physical fitness – a set of physical attributes that enable one to perform physical activities of daily living, recreational pursuits or competitive events. Physical fitness – a set of physical attributes that enable one to perform physical activities of daily living, recreational pursuits or competitive events.

Components of physical fitness Components of physical fitness Cardiorespiratory fitness (Aerobic fitness) Cardiorespiratory fitness (Aerobic fitness) Muscular strength Muscular strength Muscular endurance Muscular endurance Flexibility Flexibility Body composition Body composition

Measuring & Testing the Components of Physical Fitness

Research & Testing Ergometers Ergometers are used to measure physical work in standardized conditions Ergometers are used to measure physical work in standardized conditions An apparatus that measures work or energy expended during a period of physical exercise. Treadmills and cycle ergometers are most commonly used Treadmills and cycle ergometers are most commonly used Specificity of training/activity is an important consideration Specificity of training/activity is an important consideration Treadmill ergometer

Treadmills Advantages Ergometer of choice Familiar, natural activity Achieve peak physiological values Requires balance (elderly) Disadvantages More expensive Bulky, not portable Requires electrical power source Difficult to measure BP

Cycle Ergometers Advantages Accurate measurement of BP Easier blood sampling More portable No balance required Physiological responses unaffected by weight Disadvantages Leg muscle fatigue Peak physiological values typically lower than treadmill

Other Ergometers

Metabolic Measurement System Metabolic equivalents (METS) Maximal oxygen uptake (V02) Minute ventilation (VE) Ventilatory equivalents (VE/V02 VE/VC02) Respiratory gas exchange ration (RER) Carbon dioxide production (VC02)

Dynamometer Measures torque (force) produced by specific body segments

Electromyograph (EMG) Electrodes are placed on the skin Electrodes pick up the electrical signals from the contracting muscle underneath the electrodes Electrical signal is interpreted to determine the activity of the muscle(s) involved

Electrocardiograph (ECG) Electrodes are placed on the skin Electrodes pick up the electrical signals from the contracting muscle (heart) underneath the electrodes Electrical signal is interpreted to determine the activity of the heart

Research Designs Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time. Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time. Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population. Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population. Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time- consuming and expensive. Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time- consuming and expensive.

Dose-Response Relationships: Cross-Sectional Study

Dose-Response Relationships: Longitudinal Study

Table 0.1

Table 0.2

Research: Tables and Graphs The title will identify what information is being presented. The title will identify what information is being presented. Units for each variable should be clearly presented. Units for each variable should be clearly presented. Graphs better illustrate Graphs better illustrate Trends in data Trends in data Response patterns Response patterns Comparisons of data between subject groups Comparisons of data between subject groups

Research: Interpreting Graphs The x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design. The x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design. The y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated. The y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated.

Figure 0.9

Figure 0.10