You can't build a reputation on what you're going to do. Henry Ford 1920's America…….. A Decade of Great Change and Innovation

Fear of Communism  Bolsheviks overthrow government  The spread of Communism was perceived as a threat to America (The Red Scare)  Communism - economic, political system, single-party government - ruled by dictator - no private property  Led to new rise of Nativism – National Origins Act 1924  KKK expanded

Sacco and Vanzetti  Red Scare fed fear of foreigners, ruined reputations & wrecked lives  Palmer Raids – attempts to arrest & deport anarchists  The two most famous victims were Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti  Shoemaker & fish peddler who evaded the draft during WWI (Anarchists) found guilty of murder

A Time of Labor Unrest  Congress limits number of immigrants to U.S.  More allowed to come from Western Europe than Eastern; more from Latin America  Government didn’t allow strikes in wartime over 3,000 strikes  Employers were against raises & unions; - Labeled strikers as Communists

The Impact of the Automobile  Henry Ford made cars affordable - Used assembly line (cheaper, efficient)  Model T hit the market (cost $825, approx. $18,000 today)  By 1920's - Model T came off the line every 10 seconds

The Impact of the Automobile  Enabled workers to live farther from jobs - Led to urban sprawl (spread of cities)  Auto industry became economic base for some cities  Boosted oil, rubber, glass, steel industries  Late 1920s - 1 car for every 5 Americans  1927 – The Model A replaced the Model T  Rise of new middle class  Generation gap created

America’s Standard of Living Soars  1920s were prosperous times for America  1920 to 1929 – Average annual income rose over 35%, from $522 to $705  People tired of sacrificing  Ready to spend money  New inventions - Refrigerator - Vacuum cleaner - Electric stove - Wrist watch - Washing machines

Change for Women  No longer bound to home  New appliances made life easier  Became socially active  New hairstyles and fashion  New nightlife  Newspapers, ads, and magazines

Radio Comes of Age  Radio was most powerful communications medium of 1920s  Connected the whole country  Networks provided shared national experience - Enabled people to hear the news as it happened  Movies were also popular; movie stars became cultural icons

Section 4 The Harlem Renaissance African-American ideas, politics, art, literature, and music flourish in Harlem and elsewhere in the United States.

African-American Voices in the 1920s  Racial tensions escalated in North  Summer 1919 – About 25 urban race riots took place  African-Americans continue to migrate in the 1920s

African-American Goals  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded (NAACP) - Protested racial violence - W.E.B. Du Bois led parade of 10,000 men in New York to protest violence

African-American Goals  NAACP leader James Weldon Johnson fought for civil rights legislation - NAACP anti-lynching campaign led to drop in number of lynchings

The Harlem Renaissance Flowers in New York  Many African Americans migrated to Harlem - Neighborhood on the Upper West Side of New York’s Manhattan Island  1920s – Harlem became world’s largest black urban area - People from U.S. & Caribbean  Harlem Renaissance - A literary & artistic movement celebrating African-American culture - Expressed pride in African- American experience

African Americans and Jazz  Jazz born in early 20th century New Orleans  Spread across U.S.  Became the most popular form of music for dancing  Trumpeter Louis Armstrong made personal expression key part of jazz - Most influential musician in jazz history

Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes, (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance and his stories about African heritage.American poetnovelistplaywrightshort storycolumnistjazz poetryHarlem Renaissance

Irving Berlin  Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989) was an American composer and lyricist widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in history. God Bless America, White ChristmasAmerican composerlyricistsongwriters

TIN PAN ALLEY Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City- centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century (such as Irving Berlin).New York Citymusic publisherssongwriters popular musicUnited States The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut. Some date it to the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph and radio supplanted sheet music as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of rock & roll. ManhattanGreat Depressionphonographradiosheet musicrock & roll