Undeclared war with France in 1798 Adams asked congress in 1798 for a declaration of war against FRANCE.Adams asked congress in 1798 for a declaration of war against FRANCE. The minority party of D-R’s were against it (might give power to Feds)The minority party of D-R’s were against it (might give power to Feds) Adams changes mind 3 months later when his Federalist competitor, Hamilton, gets himself placed in charge of the armed forces.Adams changes mind 3 months later when his Federalist competitor, Hamilton, gets himself placed in charge of the armed forces. Now war will hurt Adams politicallyNow war will hurt Adams politically

Democratic-Republicans take over in 1800 Now that they are in charge, and war slowly begins to sound like a good ideaNow that they are in charge, and war slowly begins to sound like a good idea –Seems popular with the masses –Impressment –“On to Canada!” –Tame the Indians –Drive Brits out of Ohio –Increase Republican political power –Tried to pass their own Sedition Act

Presidential Election of 1808

James Madison Becomes President

Dolly Madison

1. Napoleonic Wars Q1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”] Q1806  Britain issued the “Order in Council.” Q1807  Milan Decrees Q  Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors.

2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair” QJune 21, QBr. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake. Q3 dead, 18 wounded. QBr. Foreign Office said it was a mistake. QJefferson’s Response:  Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.  Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”

3. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle QForbade export of all goods from the US. QUnexpected Consequences:  1807 exports  $108 mil.  1808 exports  $ 22 mil.

4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) QReplaced the Embargo Act. QReopened trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France. QRemained U. S. policy until QUnexpected Consequences:  N. Eng. was forced to become self- sufficient again [old factories reopened].  Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.  Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!

5. Br. Instigation of Indians British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh

6. “War Hawks” in Congress Henry Clay [KY] John C. Calhoun [SC]

Political Cartoon of the Period

Presidential Election of 1812

“Mr. Madison’s War!”

American Problems QThe US was unprepared militarily:  Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships.  Americans disliked a draft  preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias. QFinancially unprepared:  Flood of paper $.  Revenue from import tariffs declined. QRegional disagreements.

Overview of the War

Campaigns of 1813

Attack on Ft. Oswego, 1814

The White House Is Burning; The British Are Coming, AGAIN!! (August 24, 1814)

Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 And the rockets red glare The bombs bursting in air… -- Francis Scott Key

The War of 1812 Battle of Lake Erie Decisive battles on Lake OntarioDecisive battles on Lake Ontario –U.S. Commodore Isaac Chauncey Captured and torched York (Toronto)Captured and torched York (Toronto) Victory on Lake ErieVictory on Lake Erie –U.S. CAPT Oliver Hazard Perry –M.GEN William Henry Harrison Defeat British at Battle of the ThamesDefeat British at Battle of the Thames “We have met the enemy, and they are ours…” Oliver Hazard Perry

Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Creek confederation, brought together in the South by Tecumseh, is defeated and surrenders to Andrew Jackson.

Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

Hartford Convention December, 1814 – January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 The status quo ante.

NE Opposed to WarNE Opposed to War ConventionConvention –Complaints –Seek Compensation –Gvt. Assistance –Possible Secession –Amendments 3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise 2/3 Votes2/3 Votes Presidential TermsPresidential Terms Naturalized CitizensNaturalized Citizens Treaty and NO Defeat AmendmentsTreaty and NO Defeat Amendments End of Federalists 1816 Monroe Wins1816 Monroe Wins –Crushing Victory Treason RumorsTreason Rumors