1 Final Presentation Stephanie Moran, Ryan Rosario, Zachary Stauber, Bethany Tomerlin, Juan Carlos Ybarra

2 Goals Achieved 1.Inexpensive 2.High Elongation (>10%) 1.Precision (Error <6%)

3 There is a minimum concentration of carbon black required for conductivity.

4 Conduction in the composite cannot be explained by tunneling, but can be modeled by Mean Field Theory. e-e- e-e- 4nm

5 As the sample elongates, the distance between nearby carbon black particles changes.

6 Particle movement affected by the viscoelastic properties of the polymer. Viscoelastic Model

7 Carbon black fillers significantly affect the microstructure of the polymer Sticky Hard Layer Glassy Hard Layer Carbon Black

8 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process % Carbon Black

9 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process % Carbon Black

10 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process % Carbon Black

11 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process Calender % Carbon Black

12 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process Calender 20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black % Carbon Black

13 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process Calendar 20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black % Carbon Black

14 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process Calender 20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black % Carbon Black

15 Steps to our Final Fabrication Process Calender -1hr Monomer -20 Minutes with Monomer and Cross Linking Agent 20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black % Carbon Black

16 High Shear Seen With Dispersion Blade

17 Large Agglomerates Still Seen in Samples with Dispersion Blade

18 Characterization of voids using confocal microscopy Mixed, calendered, and vacuumedOnly mixed

19 Four-point resistance measurements eliminate errors due to changing contact resistance. Voltage Current

20 An automatic data acquisition setup allows for a faster sample rate. Multimeter Elongation Voltage Output Resistance Output

21 Cycling of 20% KetJen Sample

22 Hysteresis of 20% KetJen Sample

23 Equation used to program Arduino

Minimum Goals for Strain Sensor Prototype Minimum Requirements : MC Text Output: Strain vs. Resistance Sensor 1.Characterize sample 2.Create Equation For Samples 3. Calibrate sensor for final design.

Circuit for Strain Measurement Prototype Microcontroller Multiplexer Amplifier

Glove for Final Design Final Design: MC Arduino Output: Dynamic Graphical Representation of Strain vs. Resistance MultiplexerAmp Bread Board

Structure of Carbon Black Filled Rubber Composites Multiplexer Amplifier Yoshihide Fukahori. Current Topics In Elastomer Research (2008). Sticky Hard (SH) Glassy Hard (GH) Carbon Black Matrix Cross-Linked Rubber

Super-Network Under Strain Multiplexer Amplifier Yoshihide Fukahori

Carbon Black Affects Curing Time Multiplexer Amplifier

Microstructure and Time Dependence of Conductivity Multiplexer Amplifier Observed a decrease in conductivity over time for some samples. Crosslinking proceeds over time. Tests for future work: Rheometry Mechanical Testing Time-dependent environmental effects NMR FTIR

31 Our System can Complement Traditional MoCap Systems

32 Our System can Provide Joint Motion Feed Back Loops Occupational Therapy Sports Therapy Ergonomic Training and Monitoring

33 Cost Analysis of the Sensor Ketjen Carbon Black $25.07 Per Pound Polyurethane Rubber $5. 38 pound (retail) Assume a standard markup of 100 % = $2.69 pound.016 pounds carbon black +.43 pounds rubber= 25 Sense-on Sensors Materials Cost of sensors is 6 to 12 cents Off the Shelf Electronics ( resistors, leads) << $1

34 Cost Propagation using an Analogous Industry sic32621cote.html

35 We would Like to Thank… -Mike and Matt -David Bono -Forest Lau Staff

36 Any Questions?

37 Complete Circuit Design MC

Normalization of Data

39 Bubble Removal with Vacuum Before Vacuuming

40 Bubble Removal with Vacuum Before VacuumingDuring Vacuuming

41 Bubble Removal with Vacuum Before VacuumingDuring VacuumingAfter Vacuuming

42 Comparisons of Processing Techniques

43 Comparisons of Processing Techniques

Extra Volume percent and particle size calculations Using Ketjen Carbon Black Surface area: 1400 m^2/g r ≈ 2nm assuming randomly oriented hemi-spherical particles Density of graphite ≈ 2.15 g/cm^3 4.5 g CB / 0.85 cups polymer ≈ 1.04 vol.-% ≈ 5 area-%

45 Failure vs. Hole Radius Size

46 Increase in Bubble Size Under Vacuum

Porosity Characterization of Carbon Filled Elastomers MC Voids Seen Under Confocal Microscope 10X200X

MC Dispersion Kneader