Dr. Jones University of Arkansas

 Disease  Pathology  Etiology

Organic Disease  Any disturbance of structure of the body  Well-defined structural changes in the body.  Lesions form in tissues and organs  Example: Cancer

Functional Disease  No change in structure, but evidence of change in bodily function  Example: nervous and mental disease

Signs & Symptoms  Symptoms  Symptoms – subjective findings  Signs  Signs – objective/physical findings  Asymptomatic  Asymptomatic – a disease or illness that causes no immediate disability or discomfort

 Pathology  Pathology—The study of disease  Pathogenesis  Pathogenesis – the means by which a disease develops  Pathogen  Pathogen – a microorganism, such as bacterium or virus, that causes disease

 The origins or causes of disease  The first step in the history of a disease  Epidemiology  Epidemiology – study of disease transmission, development, and consequences in populations to identify etiology and distributions of disease

 Diagnosis  Diagnosis – determination of the nature and cause of a person’s illness  Based on the evaluation of patients:  Symptoms  Physical findings  Laboratory tests  Other diagnostic procedures  Clinical history

Steps in Diagnosis 1. Diagnosis/prognosi s 2. Clinical history 3. Physical examination 4. Treatment

Clinical History  Involves:  History of patients’ current illness  Past medical history  Family history  Social history  A review of systems

Prognosis  Opinion concerning the eventual outcome of the disease  Course of treatment will follow prognosis

Physical Examination  Systematic examination of a patient’s condition  Particular interest is focused on the part of the body affected by the illness

Treatment  Specific Treatment  Specific Treatment – treatment directed at the basic cause of disease or illness (example: insulin for diabetes)  Symptomatic Treatment  Symptomatic Treatment – treatment directed at alleviating the symptoms of disease or illness (example: medication to reduce fever)

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures  Invasive Procedures – invasion of body to obtain information about a patient’s condition (example: injection of needles)  Noninvasive Procedures – tests that have minimal risk or discomfort (example: x-rays)

Types of Diagnostic Tests  Clinical lab tests  Radioisotopes studies  Electrical activity tests  Ultrasound  X-ray examinations  Endoscopy  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Cytological and histological examinations

 Evaluation of the functions of various types of organs through the placement of radioactive material called radioisotopes  Radiation detectors then monitor the uptake of the material  Used to detect anemia, blood clots, and blood flow

 Electrocardiogram (ECG) – heart  Electroencephalogram (EEG) – brain  Electromyogram – (EMG) – muscle  Electrodes are attached to various parts of the body to determine its associated electrical activity

 Technique for mapping echoes produced by high- frequency sound waves transmitted into the body  Can identify gallstones and prostate cancer

 X-rays are passed through the examined body part and the rays leaving the body expose an x- ray film  Low density (lungs) body parts expose as black, whereas high density (bones) body parts expose as white  Examples: mammogram, angiogram, computed tomographic (CT) scan

 An examination of the interior of the body through various lighted tubular instruments

 Computer generated images based on the movement of hydrogen atoms in tissues subjected to a strong magnetic field.

 Involves the removal of a small sample of tissue from a diseased tissue or organ.  Example: Biopsy and Pap smear