Describe the impact of World War II on the lives of American citizens, including wartime economic measures, population shifts, growth in the middle class, growth of industrialization, advancements in science and technology, increased wealth in the African American community, racial and ethnic tensions, the G. I. Bill of Rights of 1944, and desegregation of the military.

Chapter 25-3 and Chapter 27

 Great Depression ends because US gets involved in World War II.  Created 19 million new jobs and doubled the families income.  Women and African Americans were recruited to work in factories.  White men were fighting overseas; could not fight and work in factories at the same time  Rosie the Riveter: symbol of campaign to hire women

 People were leery of hiring African Americans to work in factories.  A. Phillip Randolph told FDR that he was planning a march on Washington.  FDR responded with the Executive Order 8802: there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in the defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin.  To enforce the order, FDR created the Fair Employment Practices Commission

 To help farmers in the Southwest, the government introduced the Bracero program.  Mexicans were allowed to work in agricultures as well as building and maintaining railroads.  Continued until 1964.

 People wanted the new jobs. Not all jobs were created close to home. Thus, people had to move.  Moved West and South: growth of cities in Southern California and Deep South which created a new industrialized region called the Sunbelt.  There was not enough housing for people, so tents and trailers were set up for people to live in.  The government allocates money to build schools, housing and community centers.  Government housing was not good.

 Great Migration: shift of African Americans to the north in search for jobs  When they moved they were greeted with suspicion and intolerance.  Riots in Detroit

 Mexican Americans faced suspicion as well. In Southern California, racism followed Mexican Americans. Juvenile crime and the zoot suit became synonymous.  Extra material in a pleated pants and knee length jackets, hair was in a ducktail: unpatriotic  Victory Suits: patriotic, no cuffs and vest, narrow lapel, short jacket

 Americans were angry at Japanese Americans for the bombing at Pearl Harbor.  FDR declared the US a war zone and they could remove whomever they wanted.  West Coast and moving Japanese Americans to internment camps

 Prices rose, materials were in short supply  Ration: limiting the availability of goods ▪ Blue points: processed foods ▪ Red points: meats, fats and oils (get extra coupons for oils) ▪ Other coupons controlled coffee and sugar ▪ Gas was rationed, driving was restricted and the speed limit was 35  Victory gardens: raise own food in garden to save food for troops overseas  Scrap drives  E-bonds

 After World War II, America experiences a growth of abundance.  Average income of an American family will triple.  More people own homes  Fewer farmers because of mechanization  Growth in white collar job: jobs in sales and management and blue collar jobs decline: people who perform hard manual labor

 During World War II, America industrialized to keep up with building war materials.  Factories converted from making general goods to producing things needed for the war.

 Computers  ENIAC : made simple military calculations  UNIVAC: handles business data  Medical Breakthroughs  Drugs to fight infections, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart disease  Polio ▪ Jonas Salk: injectable vaccine that will prevent polio ▪ Albert Sabin: oral vaccine to prevent polio

 Soviet Union launches Sputnik in 1957, US launches its own satellite in  Commercial airplanes are being built smoother and faster.

 During World War II, African Americans did experience wealth due to factory jobs opening.  Many African Americans moved to the north to find better jobs in the Great Migration.  After the war, still many African Americans migrate to the cities for work.  Face discrimination  Low pay

 Also known as the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act  Provided generous loans to veterans to help them establish businesses, buy homes and attend college.

 Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948, ending segregation in the military.

 99 th pursuit squadron  All African American squadron of fighter pilots trained in Tuskegee, Alabama  Played an important role in the Battle of Anzio in Italy

 In Pickens County, Alabama  First prisoners accepted on June 2, 1943  Houses German prisoners after battles in North Africa  Other camps set up in Alabama  Opelika  Anniston  Camp Rucker

 Benefits the most  Brookley Field: modified B-24s and was a major supply base  Shipbuilding Firms ▪ Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company ▪ Gulf Shipbuilding ▪ Built freighters, tankers, minesweepers and destroyers  The population grew so fast, housing could not keep up.

 TCI  a longtime coal mine operator and iron producer  expanded its facilities and shifts to keep up with demand.  Bechtel-McCone Aircraft Modification  Equipped and modified B-29 bombers  O’Neal Steel  Steel fabrications for bombs  DuPont Chemical  Built a large explosive plant in Childersburg

 Maxwell  Southeast Air Corps Training Center ▪ Pilots received flight training  Gunter  Craig  Flight training for US and British Air Force  Anniston Ordnance Works  Fort McClellan