Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

THE HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN AN ANIMAL Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body  Anatomy—structure  Physiology—function  Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular level Muscle cell Tissue level Muscle tissue Organ level Heart Organ system level Circulatory system Organism level Many organ systems functioning together A B C D E

Shark Penguin Seal

20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Animals have four main categories of tissues –Epithelial tissue –Connective tissue –Muscle tissue –Nervous tissue

20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities  Epithelial cells come in three shapes –Squamous—like a fried egg –Cuboidal—as tall as they are wide –Columnar—taller than they are wide Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Apical surface of epithelium Cell nuclei Underlying tissue Basal lamina Simple squamous epithelium (air sacs of the lung) Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney) Simple columnar epithelium (intestine) Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory tract) A B C D E

20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues  Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fat droplets Adipose tissue White blood cells Red blood cell Blood Plasma Loose connective tissue (under the skin) Elastic fibers Collagen fiber Cell Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon) Collagen fibers Cell nucleus Cartilage (at the end of a bone) Matrix Cartilage- forming cells Central canal Matrix Bone- forming cells Bone B A F E D C

20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement  Skeletal muscle causes voluntary movements  Cardiac muscle pumps blood  Smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unit of muscle contraction Muscle fiber Nucleus Muscle fiber Junction between two cells Nucleus Muscle fiber Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle C B A

20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network  Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses  Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish neurons Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cell body Nucleus

Small intestine Lumen Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Lumen

20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions  An organ system usually consists of many organs  Each organ system has one or more functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Endocrine system controls body functions  Skeletal and muscular systems support and move the body  Circulatory system transports the food and oxygen  Respiratory system absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide  Integumentary system covers and protects the body Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions

 Excretory system disposes of certain wastes  Lymphatic and immune systems protect the body from infection and cancer  Reproductive system perpetuates the species  Digestive system absorbs food  Nervous system controls body functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions

Circulatory system Heart Blood vessels Respiratory system Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Muscular system Integumentary system Hair Nails Skin Skeletal muscles Cartilage Bone Skeletal system Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine system C D F E B A

Cartilage Bone Skeletal system Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine system B A

Circulatory system Heart Blood vessels Respiratory system Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung C D

Muscular system Integumentary system Hair Nails Skin Skeletal muscles F E

Lymphatic and immune systems G, H Thymus Bone marrow Spleen Oviduct Ovary Female Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Uterus Vagina Urinary system Male Brain Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis Sense organ Spinal cord Nervous system Nerves Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Digestive system Large intestine Anus Mouth Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra K J I L Reproductive system

Lymphatic and immune systems G, H Thymus Bone marrow Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels

Urinary system Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Digestive system Large intestine Anus Mouth Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra J I

Oviduct Ovary Female Uterus Vagina Male Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis Reproductive system K

Brain Sense organ Spinal cord Nervous system Nerves L

Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Adipose tissue Blood vessels Hair follicle Oil gland Sweat gland Sweat pore Hair Muscle Nerve

1. Integumentary System  Provide waterproof covering to protect from dehydration and microbial penetration  Sensory receptors provide environmental information  Synthesizes vitamin D

 an internal steady state  Controlled by feedback loops a.Negative – permit small fluctations around set point – reduces the initial stimulus b.Positive – increases the initial stimulus Homeostasis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling body Blood vessels in skin dilate and heat escapes Temperature decreases Thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms Temperature rises above normal Temperature falls below normal Thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38°C Temperature increases Blood vessels in skin constrict, minimizing heat loss Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat Thermostat in brain activates warming mechanisms Thermostat in brain activates cooling mechanisms

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages  Food is processed in four stages –Ingestion –Digestion –Absorption –Elimination

Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Oral cavity Tongue Mouth Salivary glands Salivary glands Esophagus Gall- bladder Liver Pancreas Gall- bladder Liver Pancreas Small intestine Stomach Rectum Anus Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Anus Large intestine Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Sphincter A schematic diagram of the human digestive system

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc The stomach  stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes pepsinogen and HCl  produce pepsin –Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc The small intestine  is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption  Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes acid chyme and its enzymes digest food  Bile - made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes

Gall- bladder Pancreatic juice Liver Bile Acid chyme Pancreas Stomach Intestinal enzymes Duodenum of small intestine

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Liver –Stores glycogen (complex glucose) –synthesizes many proteins including blood clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol –Liver changes toxins to less toxic forms –Liver produces bile

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  reclaims water and compacts the feces  Appendix The large intestine