Chapter 1 Early People and the study of Humans

I. Prehistoric Peoples Anthropology  the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.  hominids  include humans as well as earlier humanlike creatures. Anthropology  the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.  hominids  include humans as well as earlier humanlike creatures.

I. Prehistoric People Archaeology  the scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, esp. those that have been excavated.  objects made and used by hominids (artifacts) Archaeology  the scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, esp. those that have been excavated.  objects made and used by hominids (artifacts)

I. Prehistoric Peoples What is learned from studying artifacts?  Culture – set of beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people develops  Educated guesses and use knowledge to draw conclusions What is learned from studying artifacts?  Culture – set of beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people develops  Educated guesses and use knowledge to draw conclusions

I. Prehistoric Peoples Evidence of human like creatures appeared millions of years ago – Donald Johanson  In Ethiopia  hominid skeleton Found female hominid skeleton  dating 3 million yrs ago  named her “Lucy” In Tanzania  Mary Leaky  found skeleton dating 3.7million yrs  Skeleton belonged to a group called the Australopithecus or “southern ape”  walked upright like humans Evidence of human like creatures appeared millions of years ago – Donald Johanson  In Ethiopia  hominid skeleton Found female hominid skeleton  dating 3 million yrs ago  named her “Lucy” In Tanzania  Mary Leaky  found skeleton dating 3.7million yrs  Skeleton belonged to a group called the Australopithecus or “southern ape”  walked upright like humans

Characteristics of a Civilization

Where Were The First Civilizations Located? 1. Nile Valley – Egypt 1. Nile Valley – Egypt 2. Tigris Euphrates – South West 2. Tigris Euphrates – South WestAsia 3. Indus Valley – Southern Asia 3. Indus Valley – Southern Asia 4. Huang He [HWANG HOOH] 4. Huang He [HWANG HOOH] Valley– (yellow river valley) in Northern China 1. Nile Valley – Egypt 1. Nile Valley – Egypt 2. Tigris Euphrates – South West 2. Tigris Euphrates – South WestAsia 3. Indus Valley – Southern Asia 3. Indus Valley – Southern Asia 4. Huang He [HWANG HOOH] 4. Huang He [HWANG HOOH] Valley– (yellow river valley) in Northern China

Where Were The First Civilizations Located?

Where were the First Civilizations Located?

Where were the First Civilizations Locate?

Where were the First Civilizations Located?

Five Requirements of Civilizations Surplus Food Surplus Food The ability to sustain a The ability to sustain acivilization Everyone can eat Everyone can eat Government Government Some form to control Some form to control the people No Govt = Chaos No Govt = Chaos Theocracy, Democracy, Theocracy, Democracy, Republic Surplus Food Surplus Food The ability to sustain a The ability to sustain acivilization Everyone can eat Everyone can eat Government Government Some form to control Some form to control the people No Govt = Chaos No Govt = Chaos Theocracy, Democracy, Theocracy, Democracy, Republic

Five Requirements of Civilizations Division of Labor Specialize in jobs Cultural Diffusion Calendar To predict the yearly floods of the river valleys Silt - Fertile Soil Division of Labor Specialize in jobs Cultural Diffusion Calendar To predict the yearly floods of the river valleys Silt - Fertile Soil

Five Requirements of Civilizations Writing Scribes (trained) Hired by government Used in trade preserving history pass on information Evolution: Pictograms Ideograms Phonograms Alphabet Writing Scribes (trained) Hired by government Used in trade preserving history pass on information Evolution: Pictograms Ideograms Phonograms Alphabet

Chapter 1 - TAKE-HOME ESSAY QUESTION List and briefly explain the five characteristics of a civilization. As you write, analyze the list to determine which of these characteristics you find to be the most critical attribute of a civilization. That is, decide which characteristic is the most basic and important one. Be certain to give reasons for your choice.

The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Colossus of Rhodes

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Statue of Zeus

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Pyramids of Egypt

7 Wonders of the Modern World The Great Wall of China

7 Wonders of the Modern World Petra

7 Wonders of the Modern World Chichen Itza

7 Wonders of the Modern World Statue of Christ Redeemer

7 Wonders of the Modern World Colosseum

7 Wonders of the Modern World Machu Picchu

7 Wonders of the Modern World Taj Mahal