Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC The Right Brain Architecture of a Holonic Manufacturing System Application of KEEL ® Technology to Holonic Manufacturing Systems

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Industrial Automation Systems n Discrete Manufacturing Systems Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 XXXX

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Holonic Manufacturing Systems n Objective l Machines negotiate for work X

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Most Research on Infrastructure Architecture Protocol for Negotiation Symantics / Language Object Definition

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Agent Reasoning Why How Much When Who Should Know

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Agent Model n Normal Mode l Static Rules l Repetitive Operation n Characterized By l Conventional Programming Languages RLL Dominant Structured Text Sequential Function Charts Function Block Programming n Exception Mode l Multiple Courses of Action l Judgment l Balancing Options l Accept Human Advise n Characterized TODAY by l Complex Code Segments

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Reasoning for Agents n Reasoning is more than just processing a linear set of rules. n To fulfill their potential, Agents must incorporate reasoning to address subjective situations. n At least today, there is an advantage to have that reasoning defined by humans. l Allowing auditing of the process l Allowing humans to correct / enhance the process

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Problem with Conventional Logic n Static rules will not solve many complex situations n Defining solutions as a set of scenarios does not allow the agents to react to new situations n Developing complex solutions with conventional programming practices creates solutions prone to logic errors.

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Some Cognitive Solutions n Artificial Neural Nets (ANN) l Pattern Matching Solution – not reasoning l Mechanism Model (models the human brain) l Training is an issue l Results / Actions are not “explainable” n Fuzzy Logic l Fuzzy Rules (“Expert System”) l Process Model (based on linguistic uncertainty) l Design is an art - inexplicit l Results / Actions are “mathematically explainable”

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC KEEL ® n Knowledge Enhanced Electronic Logic (KEEL ® ) l Graphical Rules Based (“Expert System”) l Process Model (Graphical Rules) l Models Reasoning of Human Expert l Dynamic Rules l Results / Actions are Visually Explainable

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC KEEL ® Source Code 6 Decisions / Actions Potential Outputs Yes / No (On/Off) Or Analog Height of bars indicates importance

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC KEEL ® Source Code Inputs Supporting / Driving Inputs (Green) Blocking / Objecting Inputs (Red)

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Adaptive Behavior n Humans l Adapt to a changing environment by allocating resources l Importance of information changes as their environment changes l Balance a number of problems / possible actions at any time determine value of information and how resources should be applied l Rules by which humans operate change based on the resources available and by their perception of their environment n Holons l Need to do the same things n KEEL Engines l Iteratively process information (inputs) l Adjust the importance of information l In order to balance all of the options / actions l Until a stable set of outputs is achieved

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Explainable n Drives n Sets the importance of n Determines the threshold of n Inhibits (objects too) n Sets the importance of n Turns On/Off Trace the lines to see exactly why any decision or action is taken

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Learning versus Adapting n Learning l Psychologists consider learning as the ability to acquire new information (automatically) and generate all necessary linkages and values (automatically). l We suggest that this is not what we want with a holonic manufacturing system. n Adapting l Holonic Agents need more control l They need to be accountable to their human supervisors l In our view Adapting is more appropirate than Learning Holons “adapt to changing values” described by human experts Holons “react according to” planned relationships defined by human experts

Copyright 2004 Compsim LLC Extending a Holon Judgmental Rule Construction Environment Rules are data structures, not formulas or sequential instructions Holon Rule Memory Sensor InputsActuator Outputs Holon Logic Processor KEEL Engine Reload

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