First Sentences & Conversations “I’m talking now!”

Syntactic Development Add Length  Measured in Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) in words or in morphemes Add Sentence Structure  Word order more closely approximates that of adult language  Order & components reflect the type of sentence in addition to intonation Questions, imperatives, statements, negatives

Add Length: Morphology DEF: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. cat = 1cats = 2 zip = 1 zipped = 2 unzipped = 3 run = 1ran = 1 See Handout

Practice Sentence Morphemes No 1.There daddy’s shoes poss, plur 5 2. Go night-night 2 3. Allgone juice 2 4. Two doggies plu 3 5. Big choo-choo train 3 6. He fell down irreg past 3 7. He likes trains 3 rd sing, plu 5 8. I don’t like trains plu 5 9. I kicked the ball reg past 5 10.Is he gonna catch it aux 5

Add Length: Words & Syntax  Noun Phrase Structure: Initiator+Determiner+Adjective+Noun+Modifier...(+VP) Onlyhalf ofdaddy’sdogin there Eventhebigcitynext door Especially oldbaseballcapswhich fade Nearly bothherfeeton that Merelyseven ofyourcarsthat broke Wellthelasttrial on the tv

 Verb Phrase Structure Auxiliaries + BE + Negative + Passive + Verb...+ is jumping werenot eating doesnot read can never see will never be driven should be worn might not have been fixed

 Verb Phrases Take objects or not  Transitive (one or more direct or indirect objects) Close the window (direct) Give the cake (direct) to Joe (indirect)  Intransitive (no object) Jump  Stative (take a complement) Linda is a smart woman.

 Verb Phrases Can be active or passive  The dog bit the boy;  The boy was bitten by the dog Indicate time (through tense)  Present (studies, is studying, can study)  Past (studied, was studying, did study)  Future (will study, will be studying)

Four main sentence types  Sentence Types Declarative  She drives fast. Interrogative  Does she drive fast? Imperative  Drive fast! Negative  She doesn’t drive fast.

Practice Sentence Sentence Type 1.There daddy’s shoes Declarative 2. Go night-night Imperative 3. Allgone juiceDeclarative 4. Two doggies Declarative 5. Big choo-choo trainDeclarative 6. He fell down Declarative 7. He likes trains Declarative 8. I don’t like trains Negative 9. I kicked the ball Declarative 10.Is he gonna catch it Interrogative

Semantic Development  Vocabulary is growing incredibly fast  Measured using a Type-token ratio Type = number of different words Token = total number of words See handout

Practice Sentence # Words # “New” words (Tokens)(Types) 1.There daddy’s shoes Go night-night Allgone juice Two doggies Big choo-choo train He fell down He likes trains I don’t like trains I kicked the ball Is he gonna catch it 5 4

Strategies  Fast Mapping  N 3 C: novel name nameless category  Contrast and conventionality rules

Forming Definitions  Develop through linguistic & nonlinguistic contexts  Noun definitions/representations include: Physical, functional & locational properties,  Verb definitions/representation include: Who or what does the action, the receiver of the action, & where, when, and with what the action is done

 Categorization is based on environmental contexts and frequently heard word associations rather than superordinate category development

Relational Terms Interrogatives (Question Words):  yes/no, what, where, who, whose, which, when, how, why  If you know the wh-word in the question, answer with an appropriate subject (e.g., what vs what doing)  If you don’t know it, answer based on your representation of the verb (e.g., When are you going to eat – cookie)

Temporal Relations  Order (after, before)  Duration (since, until + verbing)  Simultaneity (while, at the same time) 2-3 year olds have trouble with this.

 If not understood the child will rely on: The order of mention in the clauses or What seems logical  Before you go to bed, read a book  After you go to bed, read a book  Brush your teeth before you go to bed  After you go to bed, brush your teeth

Physical Relations  Concept words: one pole is typically learned first (all temperatures are hot)  Opposites (big-little; lots-none) before gradations (medium; more-less)  Concrete generalizable terms are learned first (big-little before deep-shallow)  Number of dimensions that must be considered affects learning (same- different)

Locational Prepositions  Some are learned really early (in, on, under) If there is a container something goes in; if there is a surface, something goes on Learn in reference to:  themselves first  then people and objects with definite fronts (e.g., chair)  then non-fronted objects (e.g., box)

Movement prepositions to vs. from; into vs. out of; onto vs. off things should touch if they are related  into the box; into trouble  Out of the fridge; out of time  Off the table; off his medication

Kinship terms Mother father sister brother Son daughter, grandfather, grandmother, parent Uncle, cousin, nephew, niece.