Political characteristics:  Civil liberties (freedom speech, etc.)  Rule of law (due process/equality)  Neutrality of the judiciary  Open Civil Society  Civilian control of the military Advanced, or Liberal Democracies

Economic Dimensions Post-Modern/post-industrial values:  Environmental protection  Health care  Education  Service Sector

Economic Sectors in Advanced Democracies: ServicesIndustryAgriculture U.S.79.4%19.7%.9% Canada71.3%26.4%2.3% Japan74.1%24.7%1.3% U.K.72.7%26.3%1%

United Kingdom Sources of Political Authority and Power

United Kingdom on the Map United Kingdom includes: -England -Wales -Scotland -Northern Ireland

United Kingdom on the Map

A Brief History 55 BCE Roman invasion of Britain - Britain incorporated into Roman empire - As Rome declined Britain became vulnerable 1066 CE Norman Conquest - Norman rule protected from more invasions - Britain developed its basic institutions

1215 King John signs Magna Carta - limits king’s power by giving privileges to nobility 1265 First Parliament Session 1282 English conquest of Wales - led by Edward I - Edward’s son became Prince of Wales - tradition continues today War of the Roses - conflict over power of aristocracy and monarchy 1536 Political and Administrative Union of England and Wales

1603 England and Scotland Under One Crown - James VI of Scotland succeeded cousin Elizabeth I - religious and political differences divided kingdom Civil War (Monarchy vs. Parliament) - Ends in execution of Charles I (Parliament won) - Military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell 1660 Restoration of Monarchy under Charles II 1688 Glorious Revolution: bloodless revolution establishing a Constutituionnal Monarchy. William & Mary sign Bill of Rights England and Scotland Unified - Great Britain - shared a single parliament at Westminster

1801 Legislative Union of England and Ireland - Anglo-Norman invasion in 1170 led to conflict - Successive English kings wanted to conquer Ireland - Large scale settlement of the North in 17th century - Ireland subjected to rule and regulation by British - Struggle for independence continued through 1900s 1832 Great Reform Act - Extends suffrage to middle class 1867 Reform Act Further Extends Suffrage - Property requirements reduced - Voting rights extended to lower middle class and tenant farmers

1911 Powers of the House of Lords Reduced 1918 Right to Vote Extended to Most Women 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Rep of Ireland -- 6 northern counties remain in UK (N. Ireland) 1999 House of Lords Act of 1999 – All but 92 hereditary peers expelled (must be appointed) 2005 Constitutional Reform Act -- provides for new Supreme Court of the UK, replacing “Law Lords” Pictures taken on Jan , Bloody Sunday

Political Development: Myths Limited Political Change - Monarchy, Parliament, court system, etc. developed in medieval period - Institutions exist today, but have changed radically Changes Were Peaceful - War of the Roses (consolidation of royal power) - Civil War (asserted parliamentary supremacy) - Restoration of Monarchy (1660) - Unions of Scotland and Ireland

Political Development: Evolutionary Britain maintains links with its past Political institutions evolved gradually - geographic setting - limited powers of monarch by 17th century - discontent tended to focus on religious issues - willingness of government to reform (noblesse oblige) - liberal forces encouraged gradual change rather than revolutionary action - political apathy and confidence in leaders

Social Compacts & Constitutionalism Tradition is a primary source of stability. “Constitution of the Crown” includes important documents (Magna Carta, Bill of Rights of 1688 and 2001), common law, legal codes, and customs.

British Political Culture Nationalism Insularity Noblesse Oblige (the duty of the upper classes to take responsibility for the welfare of the lower classes)