Prerna Bhatia

 Industry driven revolutions occurred as Europeans increasingly employed machines to fashion an array of products  Shift to industrialization was so profound that it restructured the way Europeans lived  Altered working and consuming patterns changed the way men and women thought about themselves and the groups they belonged to in society

 Innovations in agriculture  population growth  increased food supply  Britain- cotton textiles  Factories, cities, workforces grew  By 1880’s most home tasks were mechanized  Women and children status changing  Technological innovations  Economic and demographic changes transformed Europe’s social structure  Emerging of working class

 Factory System  Steam Power - Richard Trevithick, British  Railroads - George Stephenson’s Rocket race - Financial success of train line - Global spread - Growth

 The Countryside was where food was produced. Cities grew, so non-farmer population did too, so the countryside was needed to produce greater amounts of food.  Agricultural improvement- new crops allowed for more dairy and plow animals  By late 19 th century, machines began to appear on the fields ex. New machines: steam powered plows (1858), gasoline powered tractors (1892), chemical fertilizers were also introduced to increase crop yields (1880s)

Bourgeoisie or Middle Class:  Division of Middle Class (petite, moyenne, haute)  Ownership of commercial enterprises and liberal professions which required higher education  Sexual division of labor- Women, domestic work; Men, economic and public concerns  Bourgeoisie women vs. working class women  Women became more religious while men were associated with secularism because the Church did not condone their capitalistic desires

 Artisan and merchant homes  White-Collar Workers  Domestic servants and domestic service  Working Class Consciousness  Class distinctions -trains (class cars) - Parliamentary Railway Regulation  Class distinctions -trains (class cars) - Parliamentary Railway Regulation Act of 1844

 Due to industrialization, European nations extended their sovereignty over other countries  New forms of networking  Transport and Communication  Letter writing -Electric telegraph

 Better Manufactured goods  Rapid population growth  Productive agricultural sector  Stable government (Parliament’s encouragement, but lassies-faire)  British workers were well educated and disciplined  Accomplishments on a world and local scale  Cotton Industry  Crystal Palace- “Exhibition of the World of Industry of all Nations”

 Production slower than Britain's  Family firms  Industry and production  -“Articles of Paris”  - rural industry  Government assistance

 Remained mostly rural  Developing industries -Bank of Prussia  Zollverein- customs union (1834) -developed by Economist Friedrich List -tariff reform which shielded German industries from British imports  Alfred Krupp’s steel manufacturing firm -employed 72 workers in 1848 and 12,000 in 1873

 Sparsely industrialized  Spain- apprehension after economic crisis in  Russia -still practicing serfdom - Financial minister opposes railroads ( )  Hostility  Population growth

 Economic Results -Factory System -Higher standard of living -Introduction of modern laissez-faire capitalism -Economic competition among nations (tariffs)  Political Results -rise of Middle and Working class as political power groups -rise of labor unions as a political force

 Social Results -New levels of social classes -population and demand cycle -growth of cities -improved status of women -more leisure time -education became more important